NSG 5003 Advanced
Pathophysiology: Comprehensive
Final Exam Study Guide (Questions 1–
300) With Verified answers 100%
Correct
1. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)
by using oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific
substrates in an oxidative reaction?
Peroxisomes
2. What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the
mitochondria?
Influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.
3. Which statement is a description of one of the characteristics of
apoptosis?
Apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered single cells.
4. During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into
the cell because:
The pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function
because of a decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels.
5. What is an effect of ionizing radiation exposure?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) aberrations
6. Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:
Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling.
7. In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of
water between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?
Oncotic pressure
,8. Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in
which pressure?
Capillary hydrostatic
9. At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the
intravascular space into the interstitial space because:
The capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic
pressure.
10. It is true that natriuretic peptides:
Decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion.
11. What is the purpose of administering ibuprofen to individuals
being treated for frostbite?
Inhibiting prostaglandins
12. Which statement is incorrect regarding gallbladder function?
Within thirty minutes of eating, the gallbladder forces bile (this is the
incorrect statement).
13. What is the cause of functional dysphagia?
Neural or muscular disorders
14. Which clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection may be
demonstrated in an eighty-five-year-old individual?
Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort
15. What protects the gastric mucosal barrier?
Prostaglandins
16. After puberty, the epiphyseal plate fuses with the:
Metaphysis
17. Hepatic fat accumulation is observed in which form of cirrhosis?
Alcoholic
18. What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion,
convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma in hypernatremia?
High sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into
the blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink.
,19. A major determinant of the resting membrane potential
necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio
between:
Intracellular and extracellular K⁺
20. In hyperkalemia, what change occurs to the cells' resting
membrane potential?
Depolarization
21. Physiologic pH is maintained at approximately 7.4 because
bicarbonate (HCO₃) and carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) exist in a ratio of:
20:1
22. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure results in edema
because of:
Sodium and water retention
23. Hypomethylation and the resulting effect on oncogenes result
in:
An increase in tumor progression from benign to malignant
24. The functions of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
and CD1 molecules are alike because both:
Are antigen-presenting molecules
25. Considering the hypothalamus, a fever is produced by:
Endogenous pyrogens acting directly on the hypothalamus
26. Vaccines against viruses are created from:
Live organisms weakened to produce antigens
27. Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?
Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells.
28. What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
Nondisjunction of chromosome 21
29. Which electrolyte imbalance is associated with Chvostek and
Trousseau signs?
Hypocalcemia
, 30. What ECG change is associated with hyperkalemia?
Peaked T waves
31. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE?
Type I (e.g., hay fever, anaphylaxis)
32. In a Type II hypersensitivity reaction, antibodies bind to:
Cell surface antigens
33. Which immunoglobulin is the first to be produced during an
initial immune response?
IgM
34. Which immunoglobulin provides protection to mucous
membranes?
IgA
35. In systolic heart failure, what is activated that increases preload
and afterload?
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
36. In emphysema, what structural change occurs in the lungs?
Destruction of alveolar walls
37. What is a hallmark characteristic of acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS)?
Acute lung inflammation with increased capillary permeability
38. What is the primary cause of peptic ulcer disease related to the
gastric mucosal barrier?
Breakdown of the protective prostaglandin layer
39. In alcoholic cirrhosis, what pathological change is observed in
the liver?
Fat accumulation in hepatocytes
40. What is the pathophysiology of functional dysphagia?
Disorders of neural or muscular coordination
41. What is the main cause of edema in venous obstruction?
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Pathophysiology: Comprehensive
Final Exam Study Guide (Questions 1–
300) With Verified answers 100%
Correct
1. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)
by using oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific
substrates in an oxidative reaction?
Peroxisomes
2. What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the
mitochondria?
Influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.
3. Which statement is a description of one of the characteristics of
apoptosis?
Apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered single cells.
4. During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into
the cell because:
The pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function
because of a decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels.
5. What is an effect of ionizing radiation exposure?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) aberrations
6. Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:
Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling.
7. In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of
water between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?
Oncotic pressure
,8. Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in
which pressure?
Capillary hydrostatic
9. At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the
intravascular space into the interstitial space because:
The capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic
pressure.
10. It is true that natriuretic peptides:
Decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion.
11. What is the purpose of administering ibuprofen to individuals
being treated for frostbite?
Inhibiting prostaglandins
12. Which statement is incorrect regarding gallbladder function?
Within thirty minutes of eating, the gallbladder forces bile (this is the
incorrect statement).
13. What is the cause of functional dysphagia?
Neural or muscular disorders
14. Which clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection may be
demonstrated in an eighty-five-year-old individual?
Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort
15. What protects the gastric mucosal barrier?
Prostaglandins
16. After puberty, the epiphyseal plate fuses with the:
Metaphysis
17. Hepatic fat accumulation is observed in which form of cirrhosis?
Alcoholic
18. What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion,
convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma in hypernatremia?
High sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into
the blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink.
,19. A major determinant of the resting membrane potential
necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio
between:
Intracellular and extracellular K⁺
20. In hyperkalemia, what change occurs to the cells' resting
membrane potential?
Depolarization
21. Physiologic pH is maintained at approximately 7.4 because
bicarbonate (HCO₃) and carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) exist in a ratio of:
20:1
22. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure results in edema
because of:
Sodium and water retention
23. Hypomethylation and the resulting effect on oncogenes result
in:
An increase in tumor progression from benign to malignant
24. The functions of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
and CD1 molecules are alike because both:
Are antigen-presenting molecules
25. Considering the hypothalamus, a fever is produced by:
Endogenous pyrogens acting directly on the hypothalamus
26. Vaccines against viruses are created from:
Live organisms weakened to produce antigens
27. Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?
Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells.
28. What is the most common cause of Down syndrome?
Nondisjunction of chromosome 21
29. Which electrolyte imbalance is associated with Chvostek and
Trousseau signs?
Hypocalcemia
, 30. What ECG change is associated with hyperkalemia?
Peaked T waves
31. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE?
Type I (e.g., hay fever, anaphylaxis)
32. In a Type II hypersensitivity reaction, antibodies bind to:
Cell surface antigens
33. Which immunoglobulin is the first to be produced during an
initial immune response?
IgM
34. Which immunoglobulin provides protection to mucous
membranes?
IgA
35. In systolic heart failure, what is activated that increases preload
and afterload?
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
36. In emphysema, what structural change occurs in the lungs?
Destruction of alveolar walls
37. What is a hallmark characteristic of acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS)?
Acute lung inflammation with increased capillary permeability
38. What is the primary cause of peptic ulcer disease related to the
gastric mucosal barrier?
Breakdown of the protective prostaglandin layer
39. In alcoholic cirrhosis, what pathological change is observed in
the liver?
Fat accumulation in hepatocytes
40. What is the pathophysiology of functional dysphagia?
Disorders of neural or muscular coordination
41. What is the main cause of edema in venous obstruction?
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
