NURS 8022 Final Exam - Advanced Physiology & Pathophysiology
2026/2027 Edition - 100 Questions With Answers
OVERVIEW:
This NURS8022 Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology final exam reviews cellular
function, inflammation, immunity, and fluid-electrolyte and acid-base balance. It covers
cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, neurological, endocrine, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and
reproductive alterations. Emphasis is on hemodynamics, oxygenation, ventilation, glomerular
disorders, neuro hormonal regulation, genetics, and compensatory mechanisms linking
pathophysiologic processes to clinical manifestations for advanced nursing assessment and
clinical decision-making and evidence-based management of complex acute and chronic disease
across the lifespan. Correct answers are bold Green.
1. Cellular injury due to hypoxia first affects:
A. Sodium-potassium ATPase pump leading to cellular swelling
B. DNA synthesis
C. Protein synthesis in nucleus
D. Lysosomal enzymes
Rationale: Hypoxia -> decreased ATP -> Na/K pump failure -> Na influx -> cellular
swelling is earliest reversible change.
2. Apoptosis is best described as:
A. Pathologic cell death with inflammation
B. Programmed cell death without inflammation
C. Cellular swelling and rupture
D. Ischemic necrosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is energy-dependent programmed cell death with intact
membrane and no inflammation.
3. Increased serum K+ causes which ECG change?
A. U waves
B. Long QT
C. Peaked T waves
D. Delta waves
Rationale: Hyperkalemia causes peaked T waves, widened QRS, and eventually sine
wave.
4. Primary intracellular buffer is:
A. Bicarbonate
B. Hemoglobin
C. Phosphate and proteins
D. Ammonia
Rationale: Intracellular buffering is via proteins and phosphate; extracellular is
bicarbonate.
, 5. Metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap is caused by:
A. Diarrhea
B. Renal tubular acidosis
C. Diabetic ketoacidosis
D. Hyperchloremia
Rationale: DKA produces ketoacids -> increased anion gap acidosis.
6. Starling forces: Edema in heart failure is primarily due to:
A. Increased hydrostatic pressure
B. Decreased hydrostatic pressure
C. Increased oncotic pressure
D. Lymphatic obstruction only
Rationale: HF -> venous congestion -> increased capillary hydrostatic pressure ->
transudation.
7. Type I hypersensitivity is mediated by:
A. IgE and mast cell degranulation
B. IgG and complement
C. T-cells
D. Immune complexes
Rationale: Type I anaphylactic reaction is IgE-mediated.
8. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is:
A. Type I hypersensitivity
B. Type II
C. Type III immune complex mediated
D. Type IV only
Rationale: SLE is classic Type III hypersensitivity with immune complex deposition.
9. Central to inflammation, prostaglandins are synthesized from:
A. Histamine
B. Arachidonic acid via COX pathway
C. Complement C3a
D. Serotonin
Rationale: Arachidonic acid metabolized by COX to prostaglandins, thromboxane.
10. Fever is caused by:
A. PGE2 acting on hypothalamus raising set point
B. Direct bacterial action on hypothalamus
C. Decreased IL-1
D. Bradykinin
Rationale: IL-1, IL-6, TNF increase PGE2 in hypothalamus -> elevated set point.
11. Left-sided heart failure causes:
A. Peripheral edema
B. Jugular venous distention
C. Hepatomegaly
D. Pulmonary edema and dyspnea
Rationale: Left HF -> pulmonary venous congestion -> pulmonary edema.
12. Right-sided heart failure hallmark sign is:
A. Crackles
B. Pulmonary edema
2026/2027 Edition - 100 Questions With Answers
OVERVIEW:
This NURS8022 Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology final exam reviews cellular
function, inflammation, immunity, and fluid-electrolyte and acid-base balance. It covers
cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, neurological, endocrine, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and
reproductive alterations. Emphasis is on hemodynamics, oxygenation, ventilation, glomerular
disorders, neuro hormonal regulation, genetics, and compensatory mechanisms linking
pathophysiologic processes to clinical manifestations for advanced nursing assessment and
clinical decision-making and evidence-based management of complex acute and chronic disease
across the lifespan. Correct answers are bold Green.
1. Cellular injury due to hypoxia first affects:
A. Sodium-potassium ATPase pump leading to cellular swelling
B. DNA synthesis
C. Protein synthesis in nucleus
D. Lysosomal enzymes
Rationale: Hypoxia -> decreased ATP -> Na/K pump failure -> Na influx -> cellular
swelling is earliest reversible change.
2. Apoptosis is best described as:
A. Pathologic cell death with inflammation
B. Programmed cell death without inflammation
C. Cellular swelling and rupture
D. Ischemic necrosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is energy-dependent programmed cell death with intact
membrane and no inflammation.
3. Increased serum K+ causes which ECG change?
A. U waves
B. Long QT
C. Peaked T waves
D. Delta waves
Rationale: Hyperkalemia causes peaked T waves, widened QRS, and eventually sine
wave.
4. Primary intracellular buffer is:
A. Bicarbonate
B. Hemoglobin
C. Phosphate and proteins
D. Ammonia
Rationale: Intracellular buffering is via proteins and phosphate; extracellular is
bicarbonate.
, 5. Metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap is caused by:
A. Diarrhea
B. Renal tubular acidosis
C. Diabetic ketoacidosis
D. Hyperchloremia
Rationale: DKA produces ketoacids -> increased anion gap acidosis.
6. Starling forces: Edema in heart failure is primarily due to:
A. Increased hydrostatic pressure
B. Decreased hydrostatic pressure
C. Increased oncotic pressure
D. Lymphatic obstruction only
Rationale: HF -> venous congestion -> increased capillary hydrostatic pressure ->
transudation.
7. Type I hypersensitivity is mediated by:
A. IgE and mast cell degranulation
B. IgG and complement
C. T-cells
D. Immune complexes
Rationale: Type I anaphylactic reaction is IgE-mediated.
8. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is:
A. Type I hypersensitivity
B. Type II
C. Type III immune complex mediated
D. Type IV only
Rationale: SLE is classic Type III hypersensitivity with immune complex deposition.
9. Central to inflammation, prostaglandins are synthesized from:
A. Histamine
B. Arachidonic acid via COX pathway
C. Complement C3a
D. Serotonin
Rationale: Arachidonic acid metabolized by COX to prostaglandins, thromboxane.
10. Fever is caused by:
A. PGE2 acting on hypothalamus raising set point
B. Direct bacterial action on hypothalamus
C. Decreased IL-1
D. Bradykinin
Rationale: IL-1, IL-6, TNF increase PGE2 in hypothalamus -> elevated set point.
11. Left-sided heart failure causes:
A. Peripheral edema
B. Jugular venous distention
C. Hepatomegaly
D. Pulmonary edema and dyspnea
Rationale: Left HF -> pulmonary venous congestion -> pulmonary edema.
12. Right-sided heart failure hallmark sign is:
A. Crackles
B. Pulmonary edema
