OCN EVALUATION TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
SET A+
✔✔Define Lymphoid cell line - ✔✔Develop T cells and B cells
Key for all immune responses
✔✔Define Humoral Immunity - ✔✔B cell immunity that is meditaed by
✔✔Define Cell Mediated Immunity - ✔✔T cell driven immune response that does not
involve antibodies or complement but involves activating macrophages, NK cells,
antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in
response to an antigen
✔✔Define NK Cells - ✔✔kill cells by releasing small proteins that cause the target cell to
die by apoptosis.
✔✔Define Apoptosis - ✔✔programmed cell death
✔✔Define Cytokines - ✔✔protein released by cells that has specific effect on the
interactions, communications,
✔✔Types of cytokines - ✔✔interleukins
lymphokines
cell signal molecules (tumor necrosis factor
interferons (trigger inflammation and respond to infections
✔✔Define Innate immunity - ✔✔immunity that occurs before the onset of infection
✔✔Describe B cells - ✔✔Develop in bone marrow
Differentiate into plasma cells, which produce immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD)
✔✔Define phagocytes - ✔✔cells that engulf and consume pathogens
,✔✔Define interferons - ✔✔a type of cytokine
limit spread of viral infections
first resistance
✔✔Can innate immunity target specific pathogens? - ✔✔No
✔✔Define gene - ✔✔individual unit of hereditary info
✔✔Genes responsible for family cancer syndrome are what gene? - ✔✔tumor
suppressor gene
✔✔How many chromosomes in human body? - ✔✔46
23 pairs
✔✔What are autosomes when talking about genetics? - ✔✔Chromosomal pairs 1-22
Do not determine gender
✔✔What are sex chromosomes? - ✔✔Chromosomes that decide sex
Women are X X
Men are XY
✔✔Mutations in APC - ✔✔increases risk of colon cancer
✔✔Mutations in PTEN - ✔✔increases risk of breast, thyroid, and endometrial cancer
✔✔Mutations in p53 - ✔✔increases risk of breast, leukemia, sarcoma and adrenal
cancer
✔✔Hallmark sign of hereditary cancer? - ✔✔Multiple cancers in one person
✔✔Frameshift - ✔✔muttation where 1 bases are added or deleted
✔✔Missense - ✔✔single base pair change mutations
✔✔RNA Negative - ✔✔mutation with an abscence of RNA transcribed from gene
✔✔Polymorphisms - ✔✔changes in DNA sequence
often not disease related
✔✔Translocation - ✔✔chromosomal abnormality where one chromosomal segament
breaks off and attaches at another site
✔✔Aneuploidy - ✔✔abnormal number of chromosomes
, ✔✔In-Situ Cancer - ✔✔Noninvasive breast cancer
✔✔Most common type of breast cancer - ✔✔invasive ductal carcinoma
70-80%
✔✔Most aggressive breast cancer - ✔✔inflammatory breast cancer
✔✔Least common sign of breast cancer? - ✔✔Pain
✔✔Modified radical mastectomy - ✔✔removal of the entire breast and the lymphatic-
bearing tissue in the armpit
✔✔Can women with breast cancer have estrogen replacemtn therapy? - ✔✔No, women
who have had HRT have 3 x the recurrence risk
✔✔Most common sites of mets from breast cancer? - ✔✔IN ORDER
Bone
Lung
Liver Brain
✔✔What do biphosphonates do? - ✔✔prevent the loss of bone mass, used to treat
osteoporosis, hypercalcemia, bone pain, and prevention of fractures
✔✔What does Arimidex do? - ✔✔used to treat breast cancer in women who have gone
through menopause. Stops estrogen production
✔✔Clinical Trial
Phase 0 - ✔✔10-12 people
Identify drugs that do not produce desired effect
Limited doses
Low doses
Less risk
Useful for molecularly target drugs
Useful for drugs that require biomarker development
✔✔Clinical Trial
Phase 1 - ✔✔20-25 people
Evaluate tozicity
Establish max dose without side effects
Determine route (PO or IV)
Variety of tumor types
✔✔Clinical Trial
SET A+
✔✔Define Lymphoid cell line - ✔✔Develop T cells and B cells
Key for all immune responses
✔✔Define Humoral Immunity - ✔✔B cell immunity that is meditaed by
✔✔Define Cell Mediated Immunity - ✔✔T cell driven immune response that does not
involve antibodies or complement but involves activating macrophages, NK cells,
antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in
response to an antigen
✔✔Define NK Cells - ✔✔kill cells by releasing small proteins that cause the target cell to
die by apoptosis.
✔✔Define Apoptosis - ✔✔programmed cell death
✔✔Define Cytokines - ✔✔protein released by cells that has specific effect on the
interactions, communications,
✔✔Types of cytokines - ✔✔interleukins
lymphokines
cell signal molecules (tumor necrosis factor
interferons (trigger inflammation and respond to infections
✔✔Define Innate immunity - ✔✔immunity that occurs before the onset of infection
✔✔Describe B cells - ✔✔Develop in bone marrow
Differentiate into plasma cells, which produce immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD)
✔✔Define phagocytes - ✔✔cells that engulf and consume pathogens
,✔✔Define interferons - ✔✔a type of cytokine
limit spread of viral infections
first resistance
✔✔Can innate immunity target specific pathogens? - ✔✔No
✔✔Define gene - ✔✔individual unit of hereditary info
✔✔Genes responsible for family cancer syndrome are what gene? - ✔✔tumor
suppressor gene
✔✔How many chromosomes in human body? - ✔✔46
23 pairs
✔✔What are autosomes when talking about genetics? - ✔✔Chromosomal pairs 1-22
Do not determine gender
✔✔What are sex chromosomes? - ✔✔Chromosomes that decide sex
Women are X X
Men are XY
✔✔Mutations in APC - ✔✔increases risk of colon cancer
✔✔Mutations in PTEN - ✔✔increases risk of breast, thyroid, and endometrial cancer
✔✔Mutations in p53 - ✔✔increases risk of breast, leukemia, sarcoma and adrenal
cancer
✔✔Hallmark sign of hereditary cancer? - ✔✔Multiple cancers in one person
✔✔Frameshift - ✔✔muttation where 1 bases are added or deleted
✔✔Missense - ✔✔single base pair change mutations
✔✔RNA Negative - ✔✔mutation with an abscence of RNA transcribed from gene
✔✔Polymorphisms - ✔✔changes in DNA sequence
often not disease related
✔✔Translocation - ✔✔chromosomal abnormality where one chromosomal segament
breaks off and attaches at another site
✔✔Aneuploidy - ✔✔abnormal number of chromosomes
, ✔✔In-Situ Cancer - ✔✔Noninvasive breast cancer
✔✔Most common type of breast cancer - ✔✔invasive ductal carcinoma
70-80%
✔✔Most aggressive breast cancer - ✔✔inflammatory breast cancer
✔✔Least common sign of breast cancer? - ✔✔Pain
✔✔Modified radical mastectomy - ✔✔removal of the entire breast and the lymphatic-
bearing tissue in the armpit
✔✔Can women with breast cancer have estrogen replacemtn therapy? - ✔✔No, women
who have had HRT have 3 x the recurrence risk
✔✔Most common sites of mets from breast cancer? - ✔✔IN ORDER
Bone
Lung
Liver Brain
✔✔What do biphosphonates do? - ✔✔prevent the loss of bone mass, used to treat
osteoporosis, hypercalcemia, bone pain, and prevention of fractures
✔✔What does Arimidex do? - ✔✔used to treat breast cancer in women who have gone
through menopause. Stops estrogen production
✔✔Clinical Trial
Phase 0 - ✔✔10-12 people
Identify drugs that do not produce desired effect
Limited doses
Low doses
Less risk
Useful for molecularly target drugs
Useful for drugs that require biomarker development
✔✔Clinical Trial
Phase 1 - ✔✔20-25 people
Evaluate tozicity
Establish max dose without side effects
Determine route (PO or IV)
Variety of tumor types
✔✔Clinical Trial
