INSTRUMENT ORAL ACTUAL FINALS QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔Concerning two-way radio communications failure in IFR, what is procedure for
altitude, route, leaving holding fix, descent for approach, and approach selection? -
✔✔IFR:
a) Route
A - Assigned...by route assigned in last ATC clearance
V - Vectored...go direct from point of radio failure to fix, route, airway in vector clearance
E - Expected...by route that ATC has advised may be expected
F - Filed...by the route filed in flight plan
b) Altitude (highest of following altitudes for the route segment being flown)
M - Minimum...minimum altitude for IFR operations
E - Expected...altitude/flight level ATC has advised to expect in further clearance
A - Assigned...altitude/flight level assigned in last ATC clearance
c) Leave clearance limit:
- when clearance limit is fix from which approach begins (IAF, FAF), commence
descent/approach as close as possible to EFC (expect-further-clearance) time if one
has been received; if one has not been received, then close to arrive at estimated time
of arrival (ETA)
- If clearance limit not fix from which approach begins, leave at EFC time (if assigned)
otherwise try arriving as close to ETA
✔✔What does Single-Pilot Resource Management refer to? - ✔✔SRM refers to
effective use of /all/ available resources: human resources, hardware, and information.
HR includes dispatchers, weather briefers, maintenance personnel, and air traffic
controllers. SRM is similar to Crew Resource Management.
✔✔What procedure would you use if all communication and navigation equipment failed
(complete electrical system failure)? - ✔✔a) First determine you have complete loss.
Determine cause (check circuit breakers, alternator, ammeter, etc)
,b) Review preflight weather briefing for nearest VFR; determine heading and altitude
and proceed to VFR conditions using VFR altitudes
c) If VFR conditions are not within range of aircraft, get off airway and determine
heading to unpopulated area relatively free of obstacles (rural, large lake, ocean)
d) Establish descent on a specific heading to VFR conditions; proceed VFR to nearest
airport
✔✔What angular deviation from a VOR course is represented by half-scale deflection of
the CDI? - ✔✔Full scale deflection - 10 degrees
Half scale deflection - 5 degrees
Each mark - 2 degrees
✔✔What is reverse sensing? - ✔✔VOR needle indicates reverse of normal operation
(fly away from needle to get on course, rather than to needle). Happens when flying
inbound on back course or outbound on front course of ILS.
✔✔Procedure for determining intercept angle when intercepting a VOR radial? - ✔✔a)
Turn to heading parallel desired course, in same direction as course to be flown
b) Determine the difference between the radial to be intercepted and the radial on which
you are located
c) Double the difference to determine the interception angle which will not be less than
20 degrees nor greater than 90 degrees
d) Rotate the OBS to the desired radial or inbound course
e) Turn to intercept heading
f) Hold heading constant until CDI centers
g) Turn to the magnetic heading corresponding to selected course, and follow tracking
procedures inbound or outbound
Note: steps a-c may be omitted if you turn directly to intercept the course without initially
turning to parallel the desired course
✔✔What degree of accuracy can be expected in VOR navigation? - ✔✔VOR navigation
is accurate to +/- 1 degree
✔✔If a thunderstorm is inadvertently encountered, what flight instrument and what
procedure should be used to maintain control of the aircraft? - ✔✔Attitude indicator -
establish power for recommended maneuvering speed and attempt to maintain a
constant attitude only. Do not attempt to maintain a constant altitude!
✔✔What are conditions needed for major structural icing to form? - ✔✔a) Aircraft must
fly through visible moisture, such as rain or cloud droplets
b) Temperature at the point where moisture strikes the aircraft must be 0 deg C or
colder. Aerodynamics cooling can lower temp of airfoil to 0 deg C even though ambient
temp is a few degrees warmer
, ✔✔What action is recommended if you inadvertently encounter icing conditions? - ✔✔a)
Move to altitude with significantly colder temperatures (no moisture)
b) Move to altitude with temps that are above freezing
c) Fly to area clear of visible moisture
d) Change heading and fly to area of known non-icing conditions
✔✔Which type of precipitation produces most hazardous icing conditions? -
✔✔Freezing rain
✔✔If icing inadvertently encountered, how would your landing approach procedure be
different? - ✔✔a) Maintain more power during approach
b) Maintain higher airspeed
c) Expect a higher stall speed (occurs earlier)
d) Expect a longer landing roll
e) A "no flaps" approach is recommend (avoid stall)
f) Maintain a consistently higher altitude than normal
g) Avoid a missed approach (get it right the first time)
✔✔Within what frequency range to VORs operate? - ✔✔108.0 MHz to 117.975 MHz
(VHF band)
✔✔What are the normal usable distances for the various classes of VOR stations? -
✔✔H-VORs (high altitude) and L-VORs (low altitude) have normal usable distance of 40
NM below 18,000 ft. T-VORs (terminal) are short range facilities which have power
output of approximately 50 watts and usable distance of 25 NM at 12,000 ft and below.
T-VORs are used primarily for instrument approaches in terminal areas, or or adjacent
to airports.
Terminal = 1,000 - 12,000 ft AGL....25 NM
Low-Altitude = 1,000 - 18,000 ft AGL....40 NM
High-altitude = 1,000 - 14,500 ft AGL...40 NM
High-altitude = 14,500 - 18,000 ft AGL...100 NM
High-altitude = 18,000 - 45,000 ft AGL...130 NM
High-altitude = 45,000 - 60,000 ft AGL...100 NM
✔✔What is meaning of a single coded identification received only once every 30
seconds from a VORTAC station? - ✔✔The DME component is operative, but VOR
component is inoperative. If no ID is received, facility has been taken off the air for tune-
up or repair, even though intermittent or constant signals are received.
✔✔Will all VOR stations have capability for providing distance information to aircraft
equipped with DME? - ✔✔No, only VOR/DME, VORTAC, ILS/DME, and LOC/DME
stations can provide distance information to aircraft equipped with DME.
AND ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔Concerning two-way radio communications failure in IFR, what is procedure for
altitude, route, leaving holding fix, descent for approach, and approach selection? -
✔✔IFR:
a) Route
A - Assigned...by route assigned in last ATC clearance
V - Vectored...go direct from point of radio failure to fix, route, airway in vector clearance
E - Expected...by route that ATC has advised may be expected
F - Filed...by the route filed in flight plan
b) Altitude (highest of following altitudes for the route segment being flown)
M - Minimum...minimum altitude for IFR operations
E - Expected...altitude/flight level ATC has advised to expect in further clearance
A - Assigned...altitude/flight level assigned in last ATC clearance
c) Leave clearance limit:
- when clearance limit is fix from which approach begins (IAF, FAF), commence
descent/approach as close as possible to EFC (expect-further-clearance) time if one
has been received; if one has not been received, then close to arrive at estimated time
of arrival (ETA)
- If clearance limit not fix from which approach begins, leave at EFC time (if assigned)
otherwise try arriving as close to ETA
✔✔What does Single-Pilot Resource Management refer to? - ✔✔SRM refers to
effective use of /all/ available resources: human resources, hardware, and information.
HR includes dispatchers, weather briefers, maintenance personnel, and air traffic
controllers. SRM is similar to Crew Resource Management.
✔✔What procedure would you use if all communication and navigation equipment failed
(complete electrical system failure)? - ✔✔a) First determine you have complete loss.
Determine cause (check circuit breakers, alternator, ammeter, etc)
,b) Review preflight weather briefing for nearest VFR; determine heading and altitude
and proceed to VFR conditions using VFR altitudes
c) If VFR conditions are not within range of aircraft, get off airway and determine
heading to unpopulated area relatively free of obstacles (rural, large lake, ocean)
d) Establish descent on a specific heading to VFR conditions; proceed VFR to nearest
airport
✔✔What angular deviation from a VOR course is represented by half-scale deflection of
the CDI? - ✔✔Full scale deflection - 10 degrees
Half scale deflection - 5 degrees
Each mark - 2 degrees
✔✔What is reverse sensing? - ✔✔VOR needle indicates reverse of normal operation
(fly away from needle to get on course, rather than to needle). Happens when flying
inbound on back course or outbound on front course of ILS.
✔✔Procedure for determining intercept angle when intercepting a VOR radial? - ✔✔a)
Turn to heading parallel desired course, in same direction as course to be flown
b) Determine the difference between the radial to be intercepted and the radial on which
you are located
c) Double the difference to determine the interception angle which will not be less than
20 degrees nor greater than 90 degrees
d) Rotate the OBS to the desired radial or inbound course
e) Turn to intercept heading
f) Hold heading constant until CDI centers
g) Turn to the magnetic heading corresponding to selected course, and follow tracking
procedures inbound or outbound
Note: steps a-c may be omitted if you turn directly to intercept the course without initially
turning to parallel the desired course
✔✔What degree of accuracy can be expected in VOR navigation? - ✔✔VOR navigation
is accurate to +/- 1 degree
✔✔If a thunderstorm is inadvertently encountered, what flight instrument and what
procedure should be used to maintain control of the aircraft? - ✔✔Attitude indicator -
establish power for recommended maneuvering speed and attempt to maintain a
constant attitude only. Do not attempt to maintain a constant altitude!
✔✔What are conditions needed for major structural icing to form? - ✔✔a) Aircraft must
fly through visible moisture, such as rain or cloud droplets
b) Temperature at the point where moisture strikes the aircraft must be 0 deg C or
colder. Aerodynamics cooling can lower temp of airfoil to 0 deg C even though ambient
temp is a few degrees warmer
, ✔✔What action is recommended if you inadvertently encounter icing conditions? - ✔✔a)
Move to altitude with significantly colder temperatures (no moisture)
b) Move to altitude with temps that are above freezing
c) Fly to area clear of visible moisture
d) Change heading and fly to area of known non-icing conditions
✔✔Which type of precipitation produces most hazardous icing conditions? -
✔✔Freezing rain
✔✔If icing inadvertently encountered, how would your landing approach procedure be
different? - ✔✔a) Maintain more power during approach
b) Maintain higher airspeed
c) Expect a higher stall speed (occurs earlier)
d) Expect a longer landing roll
e) A "no flaps" approach is recommend (avoid stall)
f) Maintain a consistently higher altitude than normal
g) Avoid a missed approach (get it right the first time)
✔✔Within what frequency range to VORs operate? - ✔✔108.0 MHz to 117.975 MHz
(VHF band)
✔✔What are the normal usable distances for the various classes of VOR stations? -
✔✔H-VORs (high altitude) and L-VORs (low altitude) have normal usable distance of 40
NM below 18,000 ft. T-VORs (terminal) are short range facilities which have power
output of approximately 50 watts and usable distance of 25 NM at 12,000 ft and below.
T-VORs are used primarily for instrument approaches in terminal areas, or or adjacent
to airports.
Terminal = 1,000 - 12,000 ft AGL....25 NM
Low-Altitude = 1,000 - 18,000 ft AGL....40 NM
High-altitude = 1,000 - 14,500 ft AGL...40 NM
High-altitude = 14,500 - 18,000 ft AGL...100 NM
High-altitude = 18,000 - 45,000 ft AGL...130 NM
High-altitude = 45,000 - 60,000 ft AGL...100 NM
✔✔What is meaning of a single coded identification received only once every 30
seconds from a VORTAC station? - ✔✔The DME component is operative, but VOR
component is inoperative. If no ID is received, facility has been taken off the air for tune-
up or repair, even though intermittent or constant signals are received.
✔✔Will all VOR stations have capability for providing distance information to aircraft
equipped with DME? - ✔✔No, only VOR/DME, VORTAC, ILS/DME, and LOC/DME
stations can provide distance information to aircraft equipped with DME.
