FINAL EXAMINATION PAPER fr fr
fr WGU D094 fr
STUDENT NAME: ________________________________ fr fr DATE: _____________ fr
COURSE: Child Development Final Exam fr fr fr fr TIME: _____________ fr
EXAM CODE: WGU D094-101 fr fr fr
EXAM INSTRUCTIONS: fr
1. Print your full name and date clearly in the header above.
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
2. This exam booklet contains both Test Questions (Part I) and Verified Solutions (Part II).
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
3. Answer all multiple-choice questions clearly. Double-check your work.
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
4. Do not break the seal or open this booklet until instructed to do so by the proctor.
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Q1. How do the cognitive requirements of a sense of self and a set of standards differ for these em
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
otions: embarrassment, empathy, pride, shame, and guilt?
fr fr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: Embarrassment and empathy: sense of self as a separate person Pride, shame, and guilt
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
: standards, rules, and goals as well as the sense of self as a separate person
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Q2. Lewis et al. asked children to complete puzzles and unbeknownst to the child varied the amou
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
nt of time they had to complete the puzzle. How did children respond when they succeeded at these
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
tasks? When they failed?
fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: Success: showed pride and happiness (jumped, threw hands in air, etc) Failure: showe
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
d shame and embarrassment (dropped head, hunched shoulders, sad/blank expression)
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Q3. How do shame and guilt differ? How are they related to prosocial behavior?
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: Shame: accepting failure in terms of fulfilling standards, rules, and goals, core self as b
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
ad, wish to hide/disappear Guilt: accepting failure in terms of fulfilling standards, rules, and goals, action as
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
bad (focus on specific action rather than totality of self), action pattern directed outward toward reparation -
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Shame is considered an inhibitor of prosocial behavior whereas guilt is considered a motivator
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Q4. How did Drummond et al distinguish shame-prone and guilt-
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
prone toddlers in their experiment with the climbing monkey?
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: Child shown adult's favorite toy, adult lets child play with toy, toy breaks as soon as ch
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
ild plays with it Children experienced both shame and guilt Shame prone: averted gaze from adult, seldom c
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
onfess, seldom try to fix toy Guilt-prone: seldom avoid adult, often confess, often try to repair toy
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
,Q5. How did Drummond et al measure instrumental helping in their experiment with the climbin
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
g monkey?
fr
[Verified Solution]: E "accidentally" drops sticks on the floor, help by handing sticks to E E opens cabinet
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
and papers fall out, help by picking up papers - Both groups had high levels of helping
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Q6. How did Drummond et al test empathetic helping in their experiment with the climbing monk
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
ey?
[Verified Solution]: Blanket task: E pretends to be cold and put blanket on then leaves blanket on floor and
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
goes somewhere else and pretends to shiver, help by bringing blanket to E Sad task: E shows that toy makes
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
him happy, gets phone call that makes him sad, help by bringing toy - More helping from guilt-
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
prone than shame-prone children fr fr fr
Q7. Were there any differences in what the shame-prone and guilt-
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
prone toddlers did in these situations?
fr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: Both groups had high levels of instrumental helping More empathetic helping from gui
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
lt-prone than shame-prone children fr fr fr
Q8. What parenting practices elicit shame?
frfr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: Parental practices that emphasize the child rather than the act "You're a bad child" Pub
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
licly humiliate the child fr fr fr
Q9. What parenting practices elicit guilt?
frfr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: Parental practices that emphasize the 'badness' of the behavior "You did a bad thing" H
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
elp child understand consequences their actions have for others Teach them to repair the damage Communic
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
ate love and respect while disciplining the child
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Q10. What is the essence of collaboration?
frfr fr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: Means acting as "equals" Both have the power to derail the joint activity Partners can s
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
witch roles fr
Q11. Provide examples of two-year-olds collaborating? Do they like to do so?
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: Two year old playing with the experimenter to lift up the cylinder to the other person c
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
an grab the toy Yes they want to collaborate
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
, Q12. For Tomasello, the three-year-
frfr fr fr fr
olds moral sense is rooted in cooperative activity. How are these social interactions transformed as
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr f
children develop a moral sense?
r fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: Social interactions transformed -
fr frfr fr fr fr
emerging understanding of and respect for moral standards Obligation to one's partner Treat others fairly Ne
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
ed to conform to rules Feel guilty when don't do these things
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Q13. Tomasello presented children with different games where they had to work together to win a
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
prize (marbles or a chance to work the jiggle machine). What age-
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
related changes did he see in children's performance on these tasks?
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: 92% of 2.5 year olds stopped when they got the block and both went to toy with one bl
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
ock 3.5 year olds kept pushing until their partner got a block too
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Q14. Is there any reason to believe that young children are sensitive to rules? Explain.
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: Yes, because if they see a puppet that starts to destroy someone's property, 3 yr olds wi
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
ll intervene If a puppet starts to play a game the wrong way, 3 yr olds will intervene
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Q15. Describe some of the experiences that facilitate moral development.
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: - Noting the effects of one's actions on others -
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Vicarious learning: watching as as adult helps her, watching other children help each other -
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Intentional socialization and instruction -
fr fr fr fr fr
After 3 yrs of age interactions with peers involving reciprocity/perspective-
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
taking and adult normative instruction also help with moral development
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Q16. What are some of the ways a parent might respond to a child's wrongdoing?
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: - fr frfr
Love withdrawal: withholding attention, affection, or approval after a child misbehaves -
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Power assertion: using power to threaten, chastise, spank, or take away privileges (forceful "no" or repriman
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
d can also work) -
fr fr fr fr
Induction: explaining to a child why the behavior is wrong and should be changed by emphasizing how it af
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
fects other people fr fr
Q17. What parenting practice seems to most effective for promoting moral reasoning?
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: Induction is associated with more mature moral reasoning
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
fr WGU D094 fr
STUDENT NAME: ________________________________ fr fr DATE: _____________ fr
COURSE: Child Development Final Exam fr fr fr fr TIME: _____________ fr
EXAM CODE: WGU D094-101 fr fr fr
EXAM INSTRUCTIONS: fr
1. Print your full name and date clearly in the header above.
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
2. This exam booklet contains both Test Questions (Part I) and Verified Solutions (Part II).
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
3. Answer all multiple-choice questions clearly. Double-check your work.
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
4. Do not break the seal or open this booklet until instructed to do so by the proctor.
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Q1. How do the cognitive requirements of a sense of self and a set of standards differ for these em
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
otions: embarrassment, empathy, pride, shame, and guilt?
fr fr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: Embarrassment and empathy: sense of self as a separate person Pride, shame, and guilt
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
: standards, rules, and goals as well as the sense of self as a separate person
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Q2. Lewis et al. asked children to complete puzzles and unbeknownst to the child varied the amou
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
nt of time they had to complete the puzzle. How did children respond when they succeeded at these
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
tasks? When they failed?
fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: Success: showed pride and happiness (jumped, threw hands in air, etc) Failure: showe
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
d shame and embarrassment (dropped head, hunched shoulders, sad/blank expression)
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Q3. How do shame and guilt differ? How are they related to prosocial behavior?
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: Shame: accepting failure in terms of fulfilling standards, rules, and goals, core self as b
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
ad, wish to hide/disappear Guilt: accepting failure in terms of fulfilling standards, rules, and goals, action as
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
bad (focus on specific action rather than totality of self), action pattern directed outward toward reparation -
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Shame is considered an inhibitor of prosocial behavior whereas guilt is considered a motivator
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Q4. How did Drummond et al distinguish shame-prone and guilt-
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
prone toddlers in their experiment with the climbing monkey?
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: Child shown adult's favorite toy, adult lets child play with toy, toy breaks as soon as ch
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
ild plays with it Children experienced both shame and guilt Shame prone: averted gaze from adult, seldom c
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
onfess, seldom try to fix toy Guilt-prone: seldom avoid adult, often confess, often try to repair toy
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
,Q5. How did Drummond et al measure instrumental helping in their experiment with the climbin
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
g monkey?
fr
[Verified Solution]: E "accidentally" drops sticks on the floor, help by handing sticks to E E opens cabinet
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
and papers fall out, help by picking up papers - Both groups had high levels of helping
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Q6. How did Drummond et al test empathetic helping in their experiment with the climbing monk
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
ey?
[Verified Solution]: Blanket task: E pretends to be cold and put blanket on then leaves blanket on floor and
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
goes somewhere else and pretends to shiver, help by bringing blanket to E Sad task: E shows that toy makes
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
him happy, gets phone call that makes him sad, help by bringing toy - More helping from guilt-
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
prone than shame-prone children fr fr fr
Q7. Were there any differences in what the shame-prone and guilt-
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
prone toddlers did in these situations?
fr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: Both groups had high levels of instrumental helping More empathetic helping from gui
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
lt-prone than shame-prone children fr fr fr
Q8. What parenting practices elicit shame?
frfr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: Parental practices that emphasize the child rather than the act "You're a bad child" Pub
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
licly humiliate the child fr fr fr
Q9. What parenting practices elicit guilt?
frfr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: Parental practices that emphasize the 'badness' of the behavior "You did a bad thing" H
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
elp child understand consequences their actions have for others Teach them to repair the damage Communic
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
ate love and respect while disciplining the child
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Q10. What is the essence of collaboration?
frfr fr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: Means acting as "equals" Both have the power to derail the joint activity Partners can s
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
witch roles fr
Q11. Provide examples of two-year-olds collaborating? Do they like to do so?
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: Two year old playing with the experimenter to lift up the cylinder to the other person c
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
an grab the toy Yes they want to collaborate
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
, Q12. For Tomasello, the three-year-
frfr fr fr fr
olds moral sense is rooted in cooperative activity. How are these social interactions transformed as
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr f
children develop a moral sense?
r fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: Social interactions transformed -
fr frfr fr fr fr
emerging understanding of and respect for moral standards Obligation to one's partner Treat others fairly Ne
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
ed to conform to rules Feel guilty when don't do these things
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Q13. Tomasello presented children with different games where they had to work together to win a
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
prize (marbles or a chance to work the jiggle machine). What age-
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
related changes did he see in children's performance on these tasks?
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: 92% of 2.5 year olds stopped when they got the block and both went to toy with one bl
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
ock 3.5 year olds kept pushing until their partner got a block too
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Q14. Is there any reason to believe that young children are sensitive to rules? Explain.
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: Yes, because if they see a puppet that starts to destroy someone's property, 3 yr olds wi
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
ll intervene If a puppet starts to play a game the wrong way, 3 yr olds will intervene
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Q15. Describe some of the experiences that facilitate moral development.
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: - Noting the effects of one's actions on others -
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Vicarious learning: watching as as adult helps her, watching other children help each other -
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Intentional socialization and instruction -
fr fr fr fr fr
After 3 yrs of age interactions with peers involving reciprocity/perspective-
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
taking and adult normative instruction also help with moral development
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Q16. What are some of the ways a parent might respond to a child's wrongdoing?
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: - fr frfr
Love withdrawal: withholding attention, affection, or approval after a child misbehaves -
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
Power assertion: using power to threaten, chastise, spank, or take away privileges (forceful "no" or repriman
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
d can also work) -
fr fr fr fr
Induction: explaining to a child why the behavior is wrong and should be changed by emphasizing how it af
fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
fects other people fr fr
Q17. What parenting practice seems to most effective for promoting moral reasoning?
frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
[Verified Solution]: Induction is associated with more mature moral reasoning
fr frfr fr fr fr fr fr fr fr
