COKO REVIEW TIPS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SET
A+
✔✔A young lady comes into the clinic with intra-articular swelling in the knee region.
You perform a deep-knee test but the individual feels no pain. She explains she injured
it when she was carrying a heavy box and turned/twisted her knee. You also notice
there is popping/clicking. What possible injury does she have? - ✔✔Meniscus tear
✔✔A patient has come into the clinic with CAD. Explain the routine assessment of
exercise that should be performed on this patient based on the guidelines for exercise
testing by ACSM. - ✔✔The following should be monitored: HR, BP, Body weight (BW),
symptoms or signs that they are undergoing a change in clinical status (light headiness,
dizziness, irregular pulse, etc.), ECG/HR surveillance (using technology).
✔✔What is axial force? - ✔✔Acting along the long axis of a structure.
✔✔What is compressive force? - ✔✔force that tends to shorten or squeeze something,
decreasing its volume
✔✔What is tension force? - ✔✔"pulling apart force" opposite of compressive
✔✔What is shear force? - ✔✔force acting on a substance in a direction perpendicular to
the extension of the substance
✔✔When does an injury occur? - ✔✔When the load exceeds a tissue's maximum
tolerance.
✔✔When do cumulative trauma disorders occur? - ✔✔When the injury results from
repeated loads with insufficient time to recover.
✔✔What is elasticity? - ✔✔ability of muscle to recoil to original resting length after
stretched
,✔✔What is Plasticity? - ✔✔Tendency to assume a new and greater length after a
passive stretch (Flexible).
✔✔What is a ligament sprain? - ✔✔Partial or complete tear of a ligament due to the
joint moving beyond the range of motion.
✔✔What is the purpose of inflammation during an injury? - ✔✔Get rid of an irritant and
promote and repair healing of the damaged tissue.
✔✔In the ATP-PC cycle what is the:
1. Major Energy Source
2. Rate of ATP Production - ✔✔Major energy source is Creatine Phosphate which
provides ATP very quick (Quickest) & uses no oxygen.
✔✔In the Glycolysis Cycle what is the:
1. Major Energy Source
2. Rate of ATP Production - ✔✔Major energy source is glucose and it takes 10
reactions (2nd fastest) & uses no energy so it cant be sustained for long
✔✔In the Aerobic Respiration cycle what is the:
1. Major Energy Source
2. Rate of ATP Production - ✔✔Major energy source is everything it is sluggish and the
slowest. It uses oxygen so can be used for a long time.
✔✔What is a Muscle Twitch? - ✔✔a motor unit's response to a single action potential of
its motor neuron
✔✔Characteristics of type 1 muscle fibre - ✔✔This muscle is known to be "Slow
Oxidative"
-it is slow in contracting.
-Uses oxygen
-Has lots of mitochondria, capillaries, myoglobin
-Low amounts of glycogen
-Fatigue resistant
ex: Running a Marathon
✔✔Characteristics of type IIa muscle fibre - ✔✔This muscle is known to be "Fast
Oxidative"
-it is fast in contracting.
-Uses oxygen
-some mitochondria, capillaries, myoglobin
-some amounts of glycogen
-moderately fatigue resistant
ex: circuit training
,✔✔Characteristics of type Iix muscle fibre - ✔✔This muscle is known to be "Fast
Glycolytic"
-fast in contracting.
-Uses less oxygen
-few mitochondria, capillaries, myoglobin
-high amounts of glycogen
-highly fatigue
ex: sprinting
✔✔In the pancreas what do alpha cells produce? - ✔✔glucagon
✔✔In the pancreas what do beta cells produce? - ✔✔insulin
✔✔pulmonary circulation - ✔✔flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the
heart
✔✔systemic circulation - ✔✔circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the
lungs
✔✔Cardiac circulation - ✔✔The circulation of blood around the heart only
✔✔How does blood flow through the heart? - ✔✔Inferior and superior vena cava (1)
dump blood into the right atrium (2)
Right ventricle (3)
2 pulmonary arteries (4) that lead to the lungs (5) where blood becomes oxygenated
Pulmonary veins (6) bring blood from the lungs back to the left atrium (7)
Left ventricle (8) is large and muscular to pump blood into the aorta (9) and to the rest of
the body (10)
Eventually blood will be pumped back to each vena cava (1)
✔✔How does blood flow through the body? - ✔✔Parallel flow
Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the body through arteries;
oxygen/waste is transferred in capillaries and deoxygenated blood moves through veins
to the right atrium, then to the right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs where oxygen
is returned in the capillaries of the alveoli, moves to the left atrium than the left ventricle
and the process begins again.
✔✔P wave - ✔✔atrial depolarization
✔✔QRS complex - ✔✔ventricular depolarization
✔✔T wave - ✔✔ventricular repolarization
, ✔✔sympathetic nervous system - ✔✔the division of the autonomic nervous system that
arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
✔✔parasympathetic nervous system - ✔✔the division of the autonomic nervous system
that calms the body, conserving its energy
✔✔cardiac output - ✔✔The volume of blood ejected from the left side of the heart in one
minute. (L/min) HRxSV
✔✔Average HR - ✔✔70 bpm
✔✔Average SV - ✔✔70 ml/beat
✔✔Average Q at rest - ✔✔~5L/min
✔✔Factors influencing stroke volume - ✔✔1. Ventricular contractility
2. End-diastolic volume (EDV)
3. Afterload
✔✔What is ventricular contractility? - ✔✔Measure of ventricles' capacity to generate
force
✔✔What is preload (EDV)? - ✔✔the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts
✔✔What is afterload? - ✔✔pressure in the arteries against which the left ventricle must
pump/overcome
✔✔What effects afterload? - ✔✔1. HBP
2. Lifting heavy weights
✔✔Steps of Excitation-Contraction Coupling - ✔✔1. Action potential in sarcolemma
2. Action potential down T tubules
3. DHP receptors of T tubules open Ca2+ channels (ryanodine receptors) in lateral sacs
of SR
4. Ca2+ increases in cytosol
5. Ca2+ binds to troponin, shifting tropomyosin
6. Crossbridge cycling occurs
✔✔The body will go through healing phases what are they? - ✔✔Inflammation,
proliferation, and remodeling.
✔✔How long does inflammation occur for and what procedures can be done to aid in
healing during this time period. - ✔✔3-5 days and RICE, which will minimize the
damage and modalities, which will increase blood flow and reduce pain.
A+
✔✔A young lady comes into the clinic with intra-articular swelling in the knee region.
You perform a deep-knee test but the individual feels no pain. She explains she injured
it when she was carrying a heavy box and turned/twisted her knee. You also notice
there is popping/clicking. What possible injury does she have? - ✔✔Meniscus tear
✔✔A patient has come into the clinic with CAD. Explain the routine assessment of
exercise that should be performed on this patient based on the guidelines for exercise
testing by ACSM. - ✔✔The following should be monitored: HR, BP, Body weight (BW),
symptoms or signs that they are undergoing a change in clinical status (light headiness,
dizziness, irregular pulse, etc.), ECG/HR surveillance (using technology).
✔✔What is axial force? - ✔✔Acting along the long axis of a structure.
✔✔What is compressive force? - ✔✔force that tends to shorten or squeeze something,
decreasing its volume
✔✔What is tension force? - ✔✔"pulling apart force" opposite of compressive
✔✔What is shear force? - ✔✔force acting on a substance in a direction perpendicular to
the extension of the substance
✔✔When does an injury occur? - ✔✔When the load exceeds a tissue's maximum
tolerance.
✔✔When do cumulative trauma disorders occur? - ✔✔When the injury results from
repeated loads with insufficient time to recover.
✔✔What is elasticity? - ✔✔ability of muscle to recoil to original resting length after
stretched
,✔✔What is Plasticity? - ✔✔Tendency to assume a new and greater length after a
passive stretch (Flexible).
✔✔What is a ligament sprain? - ✔✔Partial or complete tear of a ligament due to the
joint moving beyond the range of motion.
✔✔What is the purpose of inflammation during an injury? - ✔✔Get rid of an irritant and
promote and repair healing of the damaged tissue.
✔✔In the ATP-PC cycle what is the:
1. Major Energy Source
2. Rate of ATP Production - ✔✔Major energy source is Creatine Phosphate which
provides ATP very quick (Quickest) & uses no oxygen.
✔✔In the Glycolysis Cycle what is the:
1. Major Energy Source
2. Rate of ATP Production - ✔✔Major energy source is glucose and it takes 10
reactions (2nd fastest) & uses no energy so it cant be sustained for long
✔✔In the Aerobic Respiration cycle what is the:
1. Major Energy Source
2. Rate of ATP Production - ✔✔Major energy source is everything it is sluggish and the
slowest. It uses oxygen so can be used for a long time.
✔✔What is a Muscle Twitch? - ✔✔a motor unit's response to a single action potential of
its motor neuron
✔✔Characteristics of type 1 muscle fibre - ✔✔This muscle is known to be "Slow
Oxidative"
-it is slow in contracting.
-Uses oxygen
-Has lots of mitochondria, capillaries, myoglobin
-Low amounts of glycogen
-Fatigue resistant
ex: Running a Marathon
✔✔Characteristics of type IIa muscle fibre - ✔✔This muscle is known to be "Fast
Oxidative"
-it is fast in contracting.
-Uses oxygen
-some mitochondria, capillaries, myoglobin
-some amounts of glycogen
-moderately fatigue resistant
ex: circuit training
,✔✔Characteristics of type Iix muscle fibre - ✔✔This muscle is known to be "Fast
Glycolytic"
-fast in contracting.
-Uses less oxygen
-few mitochondria, capillaries, myoglobin
-high amounts of glycogen
-highly fatigue
ex: sprinting
✔✔In the pancreas what do alpha cells produce? - ✔✔glucagon
✔✔In the pancreas what do beta cells produce? - ✔✔insulin
✔✔pulmonary circulation - ✔✔flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the
heart
✔✔systemic circulation - ✔✔circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the
lungs
✔✔Cardiac circulation - ✔✔The circulation of blood around the heart only
✔✔How does blood flow through the heart? - ✔✔Inferior and superior vena cava (1)
dump blood into the right atrium (2)
Right ventricle (3)
2 pulmonary arteries (4) that lead to the lungs (5) where blood becomes oxygenated
Pulmonary veins (6) bring blood from the lungs back to the left atrium (7)
Left ventricle (8) is large and muscular to pump blood into the aorta (9) and to the rest of
the body (10)
Eventually blood will be pumped back to each vena cava (1)
✔✔How does blood flow through the body? - ✔✔Parallel flow
Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the body through arteries;
oxygen/waste is transferred in capillaries and deoxygenated blood moves through veins
to the right atrium, then to the right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs where oxygen
is returned in the capillaries of the alveoli, moves to the left atrium than the left ventricle
and the process begins again.
✔✔P wave - ✔✔atrial depolarization
✔✔QRS complex - ✔✔ventricular depolarization
✔✔T wave - ✔✔ventricular repolarization
, ✔✔sympathetic nervous system - ✔✔the division of the autonomic nervous system that
arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
✔✔parasympathetic nervous system - ✔✔the division of the autonomic nervous system
that calms the body, conserving its energy
✔✔cardiac output - ✔✔The volume of blood ejected from the left side of the heart in one
minute. (L/min) HRxSV
✔✔Average HR - ✔✔70 bpm
✔✔Average SV - ✔✔70 ml/beat
✔✔Average Q at rest - ✔✔~5L/min
✔✔Factors influencing stroke volume - ✔✔1. Ventricular contractility
2. End-diastolic volume (EDV)
3. Afterload
✔✔What is ventricular contractility? - ✔✔Measure of ventricles' capacity to generate
force
✔✔What is preload (EDV)? - ✔✔the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts
✔✔What is afterload? - ✔✔pressure in the arteries against which the left ventricle must
pump/overcome
✔✔What effects afterload? - ✔✔1. HBP
2. Lifting heavy weights
✔✔Steps of Excitation-Contraction Coupling - ✔✔1. Action potential in sarcolemma
2. Action potential down T tubules
3. DHP receptors of T tubules open Ca2+ channels (ryanodine receptors) in lateral sacs
of SR
4. Ca2+ increases in cytosol
5. Ca2+ binds to troponin, shifting tropomyosin
6. Crossbridge cycling occurs
✔✔The body will go through healing phases what are they? - ✔✔Inflammation,
proliferation, and remodeling.
✔✔How long does inflammation occur for and what procedures can be done to aid in
healing during this time period. - ✔✔3-5 days and RICE, which will minimize the
damage and modalities, which will increase blood flow and reduce pain.
