COKO CORE MAIN QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SET
A+
✔✔5 dimensions of the Ottawa Charter - ✔✔1. Building Healthy Public Policy
2. Creating Supportive Environments
3. Strengthening community action
4. Developing personal skills
5. Reorienting health services based on priorities
✔✔Epimediology - ✔✔The study of patterns and how they can influence the cause and
effect of health or disease.
✔✔coersion - ✔✔use of laws and regulations to force someone to obey (eg. seatbelt
law, smoking laws. etc.)
✔✔Persuasion - ✔✔seeking to influence people's actions to adopt health actions.
✔✔observational study - ✔✔observes individuals and measures variables of interest but
does not attempt to influence the responses
✔✔cohort study - ✔✔A type of epidemiologic study where a group of exposed
individuals (individuals who have been exposed to the potential risk factor) and a group
of non-exposed individuals are followed over time to determine the incidence of
disease.
(Can be longitudinal, cross-sectional, or case-controlled.
✔✔meta-analytic study - ✔✔a study that involves contrasting and combining results
from different studies, with the aim of finding patterns among the results that might bring
about new information
✔✔randomized controlled trial - ✔✔An experimental study in which researchers
randomly assign individuals to either an experimental or a control group and expose the
experimental group to the manipulated variable of interest.
,✔✔cross-sectional study - ✔✔A study in which a representative cross section of the
population is tested or surveyed at one specific time.
✔✔Case-control study - ✔✔A type of epidemiologic study where a group of individuals
with the diseases, referred to as cases, are compared to individuals without the disease,
referred to as controls
✔✔If a study indicates that the relative risk is 0.63 for CVD what can you conclude
about the product's effect? - ✔✔1-0.63=0.37 Therefore the product reduces the risk of
CVD by 37%
✔✔What is external validity? - ✔✔the extent to which the results of a study can be
generalized to other situations and to other people
✔✔What is internal validity? - ✔✔the extent to which a causal conclusion based on how
well the trial was, and how much you can trust the results.
✔✔What are some factors that affect internal validity? - ✔✔cofounding factors,
randomization, participants similar at baseline, follow-up completed, and trial stopped
early.
✔✔How do we know a trial is effective? - ✔✔Larger sample size and not many are
dropping out.
✔✔Transtheoretical Model of Change (TTM) - ✔✔1. Precontemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance
✔✔Out of the 5 stages in the TTM, which stage would you find people are most
defensive when you talk about change? - ✔✔Precontemplation
✔✔Out of the 5 stages in the TTM, which stage would you find people are most likely to
relapse? - ✔✔Action
✔✔Out of the 5 stages in the TTM, which stage would you find people going to their
doctor to get a PAR-MEDX form? - ✔✔Preparation
✔✔Out of the 5 stages in the TTM, which stage would you find people believe that the
pros outweigh the cons? - ✔✔Action/Maintenance
, ✔✔Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) - ✔✔a theory that predicts health behavior on the
basis of three factors: personal attitude toward the behavior, the subjective norm
regarding the behavior, and perceived degree of control over the behavior
✔✔social cognitive theory (SCT) - ✔✔Health behavior theory that describes the
reciprocal influence and dynamic interaction between an individual's personal factors,
the environment, and specific health behaviors. Major constructs of the SCT include
environments , situations (an individual's cognitive perceptions of the environment that
may affect his behavior), behavioral capability , outcome expectations , outcome
expectancies (the value an individual places on an expected outcome), self-regulation
(ability to engage in goal-directed behavior), observational learning, reinforcements,
perceived self-efficacy , emotional coping responses, and reciprocal determinism .
✔✔self-efficacy - ✔✔An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.
✔✔Logic Model - ✔✔Visual representation of how a program is organized, including
activities, resources, short-term and intermediate outcomes, and program goals.
✔✔Precede-Proceed Model - ✔✔Consists of eight phases that provide a framework for
intervention. It is an educational and ecologic model that incorporates planning for
evidence-based best practices, interventions, and integration of evaluation methods for
improvement of quality.
✔✔hypergylcemia - ✔✔high blood sugar
✔✔Hyperinsulinemia - ✔✔the presence of excess insulin in the blood
✔✔Ectomorph - ✔✔a person with a lean and delicate body build.
✔✔Mesomorph - ✔✔a person with a compact and muscular body build
✔✔Endomorph - ✔✔Round and heavy body type
✔✔Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - ✔✔(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety
and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5)
Self Actualization
✔✔self-determination theory - ✔✔a theory of motivation that is concerned with the
beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic motivation
✔✔Ejection Fraction (EF) - ✔✔The fraction of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with
each contraction, determined by dividing stroke volume by end-diastolic volume and
expressed as a percentage.
ex: SV/EDV
A+
✔✔5 dimensions of the Ottawa Charter - ✔✔1. Building Healthy Public Policy
2. Creating Supportive Environments
3. Strengthening community action
4. Developing personal skills
5. Reorienting health services based on priorities
✔✔Epimediology - ✔✔The study of patterns and how they can influence the cause and
effect of health or disease.
✔✔coersion - ✔✔use of laws and regulations to force someone to obey (eg. seatbelt
law, smoking laws. etc.)
✔✔Persuasion - ✔✔seeking to influence people's actions to adopt health actions.
✔✔observational study - ✔✔observes individuals and measures variables of interest but
does not attempt to influence the responses
✔✔cohort study - ✔✔A type of epidemiologic study where a group of exposed
individuals (individuals who have been exposed to the potential risk factor) and a group
of non-exposed individuals are followed over time to determine the incidence of
disease.
(Can be longitudinal, cross-sectional, or case-controlled.
✔✔meta-analytic study - ✔✔a study that involves contrasting and combining results
from different studies, with the aim of finding patterns among the results that might bring
about new information
✔✔randomized controlled trial - ✔✔An experimental study in which researchers
randomly assign individuals to either an experimental or a control group and expose the
experimental group to the manipulated variable of interest.
,✔✔cross-sectional study - ✔✔A study in which a representative cross section of the
population is tested or surveyed at one specific time.
✔✔Case-control study - ✔✔A type of epidemiologic study where a group of individuals
with the diseases, referred to as cases, are compared to individuals without the disease,
referred to as controls
✔✔If a study indicates that the relative risk is 0.63 for CVD what can you conclude
about the product's effect? - ✔✔1-0.63=0.37 Therefore the product reduces the risk of
CVD by 37%
✔✔What is external validity? - ✔✔the extent to which the results of a study can be
generalized to other situations and to other people
✔✔What is internal validity? - ✔✔the extent to which a causal conclusion based on how
well the trial was, and how much you can trust the results.
✔✔What are some factors that affect internal validity? - ✔✔cofounding factors,
randomization, participants similar at baseline, follow-up completed, and trial stopped
early.
✔✔How do we know a trial is effective? - ✔✔Larger sample size and not many are
dropping out.
✔✔Transtheoretical Model of Change (TTM) - ✔✔1. Precontemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance
✔✔Out of the 5 stages in the TTM, which stage would you find people are most
defensive when you talk about change? - ✔✔Precontemplation
✔✔Out of the 5 stages in the TTM, which stage would you find people are most likely to
relapse? - ✔✔Action
✔✔Out of the 5 stages in the TTM, which stage would you find people going to their
doctor to get a PAR-MEDX form? - ✔✔Preparation
✔✔Out of the 5 stages in the TTM, which stage would you find people believe that the
pros outweigh the cons? - ✔✔Action/Maintenance
, ✔✔Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) - ✔✔a theory that predicts health behavior on the
basis of three factors: personal attitude toward the behavior, the subjective norm
regarding the behavior, and perceived degree of control over the behavior
✔✔social cognitive theory (SCT) - ✔✔Health behavior theory that describes the
reciprocal influence and dynamic interaction between an individual's personal factors,
the environment, and specific health behaviors. Major constructs of the SCT include
environments , situations (an individual's cognitive perceptions of the environment that
may affect his behavior), behavioral capability , outcome expectations , outcome
expectancies (the value an individual places on an expected outcome), self-regulation
(ability to engage in goal-directed behavior), observational learning, reinforcements,
perceived self-efficacy , emotional coping responses, and reciprocal determinism .
✔✔self-efficacy - ✔✔An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.
✔✔Logic Model - ✔✔Visual representation of how a program is organized, including
activities, resources, short-term and intermediate outcomes, and program goals.
✔✔Precede-Proceed Model - ✔✔Consists of eight phases that provide a framework for
intervention. It is an educational and ecologic model that incorporates planning for
evidence-based best practices, interventions, and integration of evaluation methods for
improvement of quality.
✔✔hypergylcemia - ✔✔high blood sugar
✔✔Hyperinsulinemia - ✔✔the presence of excess insulin in the blood
✔✔Ectomorph - ✔✔a person with a lean and delicate body build.
✔✔Mesomorph - ✔✔a person with a compact and muscular body build
✔✔Endomorph - ✔✔Round and heavy body type
✔✔Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - ✔✔(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety
and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5)
Self Actualization
✔✔self-determination theory - ✔✔a theory of motivation that is concerned with the
beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic motivation
✔✔Ejection Fraction (EF) - ✔✔The fraction of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with
each contraction, determined by dividing stroke volume by end-diastolic volume and
expressed as a percentage.
ex: SV/EDV
