COKO COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
SET A+
✔✔Stroke Volume (SV) - ✔✔The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular
contraction.
=EDV-ESV
(The volume at the end of diastole)-(The volume after systole).
✔✔Average individual has how many litres of blood? - ✔✔5.5L of blood
✔✔What sort of diet induces RBC production? - ✔✔Iron, & Folic Acid
✔✔What feature does the trachea have to prevent it from collapsing? - ✔✔C-shaped
cartilage (Provides rigidity and maintains airways open).
✔✔What activity occurs in the lungs during exercise and what hormones are being
produced? - ✔✔Activity in the simpatico division causes the adrenal medulla to release
hormones E and NE,
This causes relaxation of the bronchioles and will dilate the airway. and lung ventilation
improves and increases.
✔✔During inhalation, the diaphragm - ✔✔contracts and moves downward
✔✔During exhalation the diaphragm - ✔✔relaxes and moves up
✔✔During inhalation - ✔✔the diaphragm contracts, chest expands, the lungs are pulled
outward, and alveolar pressure decreases.
(Volume increases + Pressure decreases)
,✔✔During exhalation - ✔✔the diaphragm relaxes, the lungs recoil inward, and aveolar
pressure increases forcing air out of the lungs
(Volume decreases + Pressure increases).
✔✔During respiration what does tidal wave represent? - ✔✔(regular breath) volume of
air that moves into and out of the lungs during a single, unforced breath.
avg. 500ml
✔✔During respiration what does IRV (inspiratory reserve volume) represent? - ✔✔Max
amount of volume that can be inspired after the end of a normal inspiration (quick
breath in past normal breath)
arg. 3000ml
✔✔During respiration what does ERV expiratory reserve volume) represent? - ✔✔Max
amount of volume that can be expired after the end of a normal expiration (quick breath
out past normal breath)
avg., 1000ml
✔✔During respiration what does RV residual volume) represent? - ✔✔Volume of air left
in the lungs after a max expiration. (dead space)
avg. 1200ml
✔✔During obstructive breathing, how are breathing and volumes affected, and what are
some examples? - ✔✔1. Harder to breath out (DEC. FEV1)
2. Smaller Airway (INC. RV)
Examples:
Chronic Bronchitis
Emphysema
✔✔During restrictive breathing, how are breathing and volumes affected, and what are
some examples? - ✔✔Lung expansion is triggered so it is harder to breathe in and out,
This is usually caused by damaged lungs. This will effect:
DEC. TLC
DEC. VC
DEC. RV
Examples:
Cystic Fibrosis
✔✔What is the function of the Larynx? - ✔✔Voice production, & organize thyroid and
cricoid cartilage (epiglottis flap) to keep the airway open, and keeps food and drink out
of lungs
✔✔What is the function of the Trachea? - ✔✔carries air between the pharynx and lungs
, ✔✔What is the function of the Bronchioles? - ✔✔carries air between the alveoli and the
bronchi
✔✔What is the function of the Alveoli? - ✔✔Provides surface area for gas exchange.
✔✔Fick Equation - ✔✔VO2 = Q x a-vO2 difference
(How much O2 is being utilized at any given point)
✔✔Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) - ✔✔the ratio of carbon dioxide expired to
oxygen consumed at the level of the lungs
Avg. 0.8
(This can change with diet and exercise).
✔✔What is the RER of fat during exercise? - ✔✔The amount of fat used during exercise
is ~0.7
✔✔What is the RER of carbs during exercise? - ✔✔The amount of carbs used during
exercise is ~1
✔✔What is the composition of the atmosphere? - ✔✔78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, and
1% other gases (0.04% carbon dioxide)
✔✔Is there a greater concentration on 02 or c02 in the blood? - ✔✔co2
✔✔pulmonary edema - ✔✔fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles
✔✔How is O2 transported in the blood? - ✔✔Oxygen is carried in blood by dissolving
into plasma (only about 1%), and being carried by hemoglobin (99% of the time)
✔✔oxygen dissociation curve - ✔✔A curve on a graph that shows how saturated with
oxygen hemoglobin is at any given partial pressure.
✔✔How does temperature affect the oxygen dissociation curve? - ✔✔-INC in temp
shifts the curve to the right
-DEC in temp shifts the curve to the left
(This will cause a greater unloading of O2 in the tissues).
✔✔How does pH affect the oxygen dissociation curve? - ✔✔Lower pH increases 02
unloading. (This is called the Bohr effect). This increases H+ production, causing more
02 to unload for binding causing an acidic enviro.
✔✔How does high altitude affect the oxygen dissociation curve? - ✔✔Increase in 02
unloading as the body needs more 02 to breathe (at high altitudes saturation is lower).
SET A+
✔✔Stroke Volume (SV) - ✔✔The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular
contraction.
=EDV-ESV
(The volume at the end of diastole)-(The volume after systole).
✔✔Average individual has how many litres of blood? - ✔✔5.5L of blood
✔✔What sort of diet induces RBC production? - ✔✔Iron, & Folic Acid
✔✔What feature does the trachea have to prevent it from collapsing? - ✔✔C-shaped
cartilage (Provides rigidity and maintains airways open).
✔✔What activity occurs in the lungs during exercise and what hormones are being
produced? - ✔✔Activity in the simpatico division causes the adrenal medulla to release
hormones E and NE,
This causes relaxation of the bronchioles and will dilate the airway. and lung ventilation
improves and increases.
✔✔During inhalation, the diaphragm - ✔✔contracts and moves downward
✔✔During exhalation the diaphragm - ✔✔relaxes and moves up
✔✔During inhalation - ✔✔the diaphragm contracts, chest expands, the lungs are pulled
outward, and alveolar pressure decreases.
(Volume increases + Pressure decreases)
,✔✔During exhalation - ✔✔the diaphragm relaxes, the lungs recoil inward, and aveolar
pressure increases forcing air out of the lungs
(Volume decreases + Pressure increases).
✔✔During respiration what does tidal wave represent? - ✔✔(regular breath) volume of
air that moves into and out of the lungs during a single, unforced breath.
avg. 500ml
✔✔During respiration what does IRV (inspiratory reserve volume) represent? - ✔✔Max
amount of volume that can be inspired after the end of a normal inspiration (quick
breath in past normal breath)
arg. 3000ml
✔✔During respiration what does ERV expiratory reserve volume) represent? - ✔✔Max
amount of volume that can be expired after the end of a normal expiration (quick breath
out past normal breath)
avg., 1000ml
✔✔During respiration what does RV residual volume) represent? - ✔✔Volume of air left
in the lungs after a max expiration. (dead space)
avg. 1200ml
✔✔During obstructive breathing, how are breathing and volumes affected, and what are
some examples? - ✔✔1. Harder to breath out (DEC. FEV1)
2. Smaller Airway (INC. RV)
Examples:
Chronic Bronchitis
Emphysema
✔✔During restrictive breathing, how are breathing and volumes affected, and what are
some examples? - ✔✔Lung expansion is triggered so it is harder to breathe in and out,
This is usually caused by damaged lungs. This will effect:
DEC. TLC
DEC. VC
DEC. RV
Examples:
Cystic Fibrosis
✔✔What is the function of the Larynx? - ✔✔Voice production, & organize thyroid and
cricoid cartilage (epiglottis flap) to keep the airway open, and keeps food and drink out
of lungs
✔✔What is the function of the Trachea? - ✔✔carries air between the pharynx and lungs
, ✔✔What is the function of the Bronchioles? - ✔✔carries air between the alveoli and the
bronchi
✔✔What is the function of the Alveoli? - ✔✔Provides surface area for gas exchange.
✔✔Fick Equation - ✔✔VO2 = Q x a-vO2 difference
(How much O2 is being utilized at any given point)
✔✔Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) - ✔✔the ratio of carbon dioxide expired to
oxygen consumed at the level of the lungs
Avg. 0.8
(This can change with diet and exercise).
✔✔What is the RER of fat during exercise? - ✔✔The amount of fat used during exercise
is ~0.7
✔✔What is the RER of carbs during exercise? - ✔✔The amount of carbs used during
exercise is ~1
✔✔What is the composition of the atmosphere? - ✔✔78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, and
1% other gases (0.04% carbon dioxide)
✔✔Is there a greater concentration on 02 or c02 in the blood? - ✔✔co2
✔✔pulmonary edema - ✔✔fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles
✔✔How is O2 transported in the blood? - ✔✔Oxygen is carried in blood by dissolving
into plasma (only about 1%), and being carried by hemoglobin (99% of the time)
✔✔oxygen dissociation curve - ✔✔A curve on a graph that shows how saturated with
oxygen hemoglobin is at any given partial pressure.
✔✔How does temperature affect the oxygen dissociation curve? - ✔✔-INC in temp
shifts the curve to the right
-DEC in temp shifts the curve to the left
(This will cause a greater unloading of O2 in the tissues).
✔✔How does pH affect the oxygen dissociation curve? - ✔✔Lower pH increases 02
unloading. (This is called the Bohr effect). This increases H+ production, causing more
02 to unload for binding causing an acidic enviro.
✔✔How does high altitude affect the oxygen dissociation curve? - ✔✔Increase in 02
unloading as the body needs more 02 to breathe (at high altitudes saturation is lower).
