APEX-ANS EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST 2026 UPDATED
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED 100% SOLUTIONS (2026/2027)
GRADE: A+|STATUS: GUARANTEED PASS
What is a ganglion? - Answers -site where a preganglionic nerve and postganglionic nerve
synpase
Cholinergic PNS postganglionic fibers release _______________. - Answers -ACh
Adrenergic SNS postganglionic fibers release _______________. - Answers -norepinephrine
What division of the ANS has short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers? -
Answers -SNS
What division of the ANS has long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers? -
Answers -PNS
What is the origin of the SNS division of the ANS? - Answers -known as the thoracolumbar
division
T1-L3
1|Page
,What are the origins of the PNS division of the ANS? - Answers -known as the craniosacral
division
CN 3, 7, 9, 10 (occulomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus)
S2-S4
Where are the ganglia located in the SNS? - Answers -near the spinal cord
Where are the ganglia located in the PNS? - Answers -near or inside the effector organ
What part of the SNS does NOT have postglanglionic fibers? - Answers -adrenal medulla
Chromaffin cells release epi and norepi directly into the bloodstream
What is the difference between the gray and white rami? - Answers -White rami are myelinated
What are the 3 paths preganglionic fibers can take in the spinal cord? - Answers -1. synapse with
postganglionic fiber at the same spinal level
2. ascend or descend spinal levels before synapsing with postganglionic fiber and exiting the
spinal cord
3. they can bypass the sympathetic chain entirely and synapse in a collateral ganglion
2|Page
, What are examples of collateral ganglions? - Answers -superior cervical
middle cervical
stellate
celiac
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric
What does the stellate ganglion innervate? - Answers -upper extremity, some of head and neck
In what circumstances would the stellate ganglion be purposefully blocked? - Answers -upper
extremity sympathetic dystrophy, complex regional pain syndrome, to increase blood flow to an
extremity
When is the stellate ganglion most commonly blocked? - Answers -unintentionally via a brachial
nerve plexus block
What is the consequence of blocking the stellate ganglion? - Answers -Horner's syndrome:
vasodilation, ptosis, anhidrosis, enopthalmos, miosis
3|Page
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED 100% SOLUTIONS (2026/2027)
GRADE: A+|STATUS: GUARANTEED PASS
What is a ganglion? - Answers -site where a preganglionic nerve and postganglionic nerve
synpase
Cholinergic PNS postganglionic fibers release _______________. - Answers -ACh
Adrenergic SNS postganglionic fibers release _______________. - Answers -norepinephrine
What division of the ANS has short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers? -
Answers -SNS
What division of the ANS has long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers? -
Answers -PNS
What is the origin of the SNS division of the ANS? - Answers -known as the thoracolumbar
division
T1-L3
1|Page
,What are the origins of the PNS division of the ANS? - Answers -known as the craniosacral
division
CN 3, 7, 9, 10 (occulomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus)
S2-S4
Where are the ganglia located in the SNS? - Answers -near the spinal cord
Where are the ganglia located in the PNS? - Answers -near or inside the effector organ
What part of the SNS does NOT have postglanglionic fibers? - Answers -adrenal medulla
Chromaffin cells release epi and norepi directly into the bloodstream
What is the difference between the gray and white rami? - Answers -White rami are myelinated
What are the 3 paths preganglionic fibers can take in the spinal cord? - Answers -1. synapse with
postganglionic fiber at the same spinal level
2. ascend or descend spinal levels before synapsing with postganglionic fiber and exiting the
spinal cord
3. they can bypass the sympathetic chain entirely and synapse in a collateral ganglion
2|Page
, What are examples of collateral ganglions? - Answers -superior cervical
middle cervical
stellate
celiac
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric
What does the stellate ganglion innervate? - Answers -upper extremity, some of head and neck
In what circumstances would the stellate ganglion be purposefully blocked? - Answers -upper
extremity sympathetic dystrophy, complex regional pain syndrome, to increase blood flow to an
extremity
When is the stellate ganglion most commonly blocked? - Answers -unintentionally via a brachial
nerve plexus block
What is the consequence of blocking the stellate ganglion? - Answers -Horner's syndrome:
vasodilation, ptosis, anhidrosis, enopthalmos, miosis
3|Page
