APEX: MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS|| QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026 UPDATE | GRADED A +.
Define hypothermia ✔️< 36C
Body regulates core temp. b/t ✔️36.7 - 37.1 C
Who are at greatest risk of hypothermia ✔️extremes of age
Temp control center ✔️hypothalamus
Rank mechanisms of heat loss from high to low impact on periop hypothermia development ✔️radiation > convection > evaporation >
conduction
Primary mechanism of heat loss in burn pts ✔️evaporation
Best way to minimize intraop heat loss ✔️forced air warmer
How does anesthesia contribute to heat loss ✔️Redistribution from core to periphery
Recalibration of hypothalamic set point
Vasodilation
Impaired shivering
How does hypothermia affect anesthetic duration & emergence? ✔️prolongs anesthetics & emergence
Meds to treat shivering ✔️Meperidine
Dexmedetomidine
Clonidine
O2 consumption ↓ __% for every __C ↓ in temp ✔️5 - 7%
1C
Which temp measurement modality provides the best combo of accuracy & safety ✔️esophageal
Esophageal temp is best measured in what portion of the esophagus? ✔️distal 1/3 - 1/4
LASER stands for ✔️Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Compare long and short wavelength laser regarding water absorption & tissue penetration ✔️Long: absorb more water, don't penetrate deeply
Short: absorb less water, penetrate deeper
CO2 laser goggle color ✔️Clear
Nd:YAG laser goggle color ✔️Green
Ruby laser goggle color ✔️Red
Argon laser goggle color ✔️Amber
Laser resistant ETT for CO2 laser ✔️LaserFlex
Laser resistant ETT for Nd:YAG laser ✔️Lasertubus
1st degree burn - name & level affected ✔️superficial
epidermis
2nd degree burn - name & level affected ✔️partial-thickness
dermis
, Which burn type & classification is very painful? ✔️Partial thickness
2nd degree
What type & classification of burn is superficial dermal & what levels does it affect? ✔️Partial-thickness
2nd degree
upper dermis
What type & classification of burn is deep dermal & what levels does it affect? ✔️Partial-thickness
2nd degree
lower dermis
3rd degree burn - name & level affected ✔️Full thickness
SQ tissue
4th degree burn - name & level affected ✔️Full thickness
Muscle & bone
Rule of 9's for adult:
Head & neck (total)
Arms (each, total)
Trunk (front, back)
Groin
Legs (each, total) ✔️Head & neck, total: 10%
Each arm, total: 9%
Trunk, front: 18%
Trunk, back: 18%
Groin: 1%
Each leg, total: 18%
Rule of 9's for child 1-4y:
Head & neck (total)
Arms (each, total)
Palm (each)
Trunk (front, back)
Groin
Legs (each, total) ✔️Head & neck, total: 19%
Each arm, total: 9.5%
Palm, each: 1%
Trunk, front: 16%
Trunk, back: 16%
Groin: 1%
Define hypothermia ✔️< 36C
Body regulates core temp. b/t ✔️36.7 - 37.1 C
Who are at greatest risk of hypothermia ✔️extremes of age
Temp control center ✔️hypothalamus
Rank mechanisms of heat loss from high to low impact on periop hypothermia development ✔️radiation > convection > evaporation >
conduction
Primary mechanism of heat loss in burn pts ✔️evaporation
Best way to minimize intraop heat loss ✔️forced air warmer
How does anesthesia contribute to heat loss ✔️Redistribution from core to periphery
Recalibration of hypothalamic set point
Vasodilation
Impaired shivering
How does hypothermia affect anesthetic duration & emergence? ✔️prolongs anesthetics & emergence
Meds to treat shivering ✔️Meperidine
Dexmedetomidine
Clonidine
O2 consumption ↓ __% for every __C ↓ in temp ✔️5 - 7%
1C
Which temp measurement modality provides the best combo of accuracy & safety ✔️esophageal
Esophageal temp is best measured in what portion of the esophagus? ✔️distal 1/3 - 1/4
LASER stands for ✔️Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Compare long and short wavelength laser regarding water absorption & tissue penetration ✔️Long: absorb more water, don't penetrate deeply
Short: absorb less water, penetrate deeper
CO2 laser goggle color ✔️Clear
Nd:YAG laser goggle color ✔️Green
Ruby laser goggle color ✔️Red
Argon laser goggle color ✔️Amber
Laser resistant ETT for CO2 laser ✔️LaserFlex
Laser resistant ETT for Nd:YAG laser ✔️Lasertubus
1st degree burn - name & level affected ✔️superficial
epidermis
2nd degree burn - name & level affected ✔️partial-thickness
dermis
, Which burn type & classification is very painful? ✔️Partial thickness
2nd degree
What type & classification of burn is superficial dermal & what levels does it affect? ✔️Partial-thickness
2nd degree
upper dermis
What type & classification of burn is deep dermal & what levels does it affect? ✔️Partial-thickness
2nd degree
lower dermis
3rd degree burn - name & level affected ✔️Full thickness
SQ tissue
4th degree burn - name & level affected ✔️Full thickness
Muscle & bone
Rule of 9's for adult:
Head & neck (total)
Arms (each, total)
Trunk (front, back)
Groin
Legs (each, total) ✔️Head & neck, total: 10%
Each arm, total: 9%
Trunk, front: 18%
Trunk, back: 18%
Groin: 1%
Each leg, total: 18%
Rule of 9's for child 1-4y:
Head & neck (total)
Arms (each, total)
Palm (each)
Trunk (front, back)
Groin
Legs (each, total) ✔️Head & neck, total: 19%
Each arm, total: 9.5%
Palm, each: 1%
Trunk, front: 16%
Trunk, back: 16%
Groin: 1%
