BIOS 251 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1
MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE
Chapter 1
1) Know the clinical significance of the compartmental arrangement of the
thoracic viscera by the mediastinum.
The thoracic viscera is a compartment of organs in the thoracic cavity that contains
important organs, like the heart and lungs. It is important that the heart and lungs
are near each other because once the lungs receive the oxygen carrying red blood
cells the body can immediately send those cells to the heart without wasting time
and send oxygen throughout the body.
2) Know the sequence of body cavities through which any kind of tracer
would travel from the heart, through the aorta, and into the uterine
artery.
The tracer will start from the pericardial cavity, to the mediastinum, and then move
on through the abdominal cavity and lastly it will exit out of the pelvic cavity.
3) Be able to discuss in detail how the body maintains homeostasis with
regard to normal body temperature.
Homeostasis is the state of maintaining the body at equilibrium. It makes sure that
the body stays at a normal temperature despite of changes inside or outside the
body. When a disruption occurs it sets off feedback systems that help restore
conditions needed for health and life. The nervous and endocrine systems bring the
body’s internal environment back to balance. The nervous system sends nerve
impulses to organs that can counteract changes from balanced state. The endocrine
system includes many glands that can secrete messenger hormones into the blood.
The nerve impulses work faster than the hormones, but they both work effectively
through negative feedback.
4) Know the different planes
Midsagittal – cuts body in the middle, equal sides
Parasagittal – cuts body in the middle, unequal sides
Transverse – cuts body across
, Oblique – cuts in 45degree angle
Frontal – cuts body front and back
5) Know the different levels of chemical organization.
Chemical – includes smallest unit of matter (atoms) to form molecules
Cellular – molecules combine to form cells, smallest unit of living life
Tissue – groups of cells joined to perform a specific function
Organ – tissues joined together
System – related organs with common functions
Organismal – all systems combine to make any living individual
6) Know what divides the different body cavities
The diaphragm is a muscle that separates the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic
cavity. The cranial bones divide the cranial cavity. The different vertebrae and
meninges divide the vertebral cavity.
7) Be able to define anatomy and physiology, diffusion, and homeostasis
Anatomy – study of the structure of the body
Physiology – study of the structure’s function in the body
Diffusion- movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration
Homeostasis – the condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due
to constant interaction of the body’s much regulatory process. (Balance with
maintaining healthy life)
8) Know what mechanism controls body temperature
Thermoregulation controls the body temperature through the thermoregulatory
center located in the hypothalamus.
Chapter 2
1) Be able to describe what happens to a proteins structure and function
when it is denatured.
MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE
Chapter 1
1) Know the clinical significance of the compartmental arrangement of the
thoracic viscera by the mediastinum.
The thoracic viscera is a compartment of organs in the thoracic cavity that contains
important organs, like the heart and lungs. It is important that the heart and lungs
are near each other because once the lungs receive the oxygen carrying red blood
cells the body can immediately send those cells to the heart without wasting time
and send oxygen throughout the body.
2) Know the sequence of body cavities through which any kind of tracer
would travel from the heart, through the aorta, and into the uterine
artery.
The tracer will start from the pericardial cavity, to the mediastinum, and then move
on through the abdominal cavity and lastly it will exit out of the pelvic cavity.
3) Be able to discuss in detail how the body maintains homeostasis with
regard to normal body temperature.
Homeostasis is the state of maintaining the body at equilibrium. It makes sure that
the body stays at a normal temperature despite of changes inside or outside the
body. When a disruption occurs it sets off feedback systems that help restore
conditions needed for health and life. The nervous and endocrine systems bring the
body’s internal environment back to balance. The nervous system sends nerve
impulses to organs that can counteract changes from balanced state. The endocrine
system includes many glands that can secrete messenger hormones into the blood.
The nerve impulses work faster than the hormones, but they both work effectively
through negative feedback.
4) Know the different planes
Midsagittal – cuts body in the middle, equal sides
Parasagittal – cuts body in the middle, unequal sides
Transverse – cuts body across
, Oblique – cuts in 45degree angle
Frontal – cuts body front and back
5) Know the different levels of chemical organization.
Chemical – includes smallest unit of matter (atoms) to form molecules
Cellular – molecules combine to form cells, smallest unit of living life
Tissue – groups of cells joined to perform a specific function
Organ – tissues joined together
System – related organs with common functions
Organismal – all systems combine to make any living individual
6) Know what divides the different body cavities
The diaphragm is a muscle that separates the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic
cavity. The cranial bones divide the cranial cavity. The different vertebrae and
meninges divide the vertebral cavity.
7) Be able to define anatomy and physiology, diffusion, and homeostasis
Anatomy – study of the structure of the body
Physiology – study of the structure’s function in the body
Diffusion- movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration
Homeostasis – the condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due
to constant interaction of the body’s much regulatory process. (Balance with
maintaining healthy life)
8) Know what mechanism controls body temperature
Thermoregulation controls the body temperature through the thermoregulatory
center located in the hypothalamus.
Chapter 2
1) Be able to describe what happens to a proteins structure and function
when it is denatured.
