BIOL 1201 Final Exam- Gregg Questions with 100%
Verified Answers Latest Update
Question: local signaling
Answer:
animal cells may communicate by direct contact, or cell-cell recognition (paracrine and
synaptic signaling)
Question: cell junctions
Answer:
Animal and plant cells; directly connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
Question: paracrine signaling
Answer:
the target cells lie near the secreting cells
Question: synaptic signaling
Answer:
a nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell
Question: endocrine (hormonal) signaling
Answer:
Specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids, often blood. Hormones reach
virtually all body cells, but are bound only by some cells.
Question: cell-cell recognition
Answer:
two cells in an animal may communicate by interaction between molecules protruding from
their surfaces
Question: three stages of cell signaling
Answer:
reception, transduction, response
Question: reception
Answer:
The target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell.
,Question: transduction
Answer:
the binding of the signaling molecule alters the receptor and initiates a signal transduction
pathway; occurs in a series of steps
Question: response
Answer:
the transduced signal triggers a specific response in the target cell
Question: signal transduction pathway
Answer:
A series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response
Question: ligand
Answer:
Signal molecule that binds to the receptor
Question: three main types of membrane receptors
Answer:
-G protein-coupled receptors
-Receptor tyrosine kinases
-Ion channel receptors
Question: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
Answer:
cell-surface transmembrane receptors that work with the help of a G protein
Question: Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)
Answer:
membrane receptors that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to another protein
Question: ligand-gated ion
Answer:
acts as a gate that opens and closes when the receptor changes shape
Question: intracellular receptors
Answer:
, receptors located inside the cell rather than on its cell membrane
Question: phosphorylation
Answer:
the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule
Question: dephosphorylation
Answer:
removal of a phosphate group from a molecule
Question: second messengers
Answer:
Small, non-protein water soluble molecules or ions that send messages throughout the cells
by diffusion.
Question: common second messengers
Answer:
cyclic AMP and calcium ions
Question: cyclic AMP (cAMP)
Answer:
A compound formed from ATP that acts as a second messenger; one of the most commonly
used
Question: adenylyl cyclase
Answer:
an enzyme in the plasma membrane, converts ATP to cAMP in response to an extracellular
signal
Question: phosphorylation cascade
Answer:
a sequence of events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction
leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins
Question: protein phosphates
Answer:
Enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins.
Verified Answers Latest Update
Question: local signaling
Answer:
animal cells may communicate by direct contact, or cell-cell recognition (paracrine and
synaptic signaling)
Question: cell junctions
Answer:
Animal and plant cells; directly connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
Question: paracrine signaling
Answer:
the target cells lie near the secreting cells
Question: synaptic signaling
Answer:
a nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell
Question: endocrine (hormonal) signaling
Answer:
Specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids, often blood. Hormones reach
virtually all body cells, but are bound only by some cells.
Question: cell-cell recognition
Answer:
two cells in an animal may communicate by interaction between molecules protruding from
their surfaces
Question: three stages of cell signaling
Answer:
reception, transduction, response
Question: reception
Answer:
The target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell.
,Question: transduction
Answer:
the binding of the signaling molecule alters the receptor and initiates a signal transduction
pathway; occurs in a series of steps
Question: response
Answer:
the transduced signal triggers a specific response in the target cell
Question: signal transduction pathway
Answer:
A series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response
Question: ligand
Answer:
Signal molecule that binds to the receptor
Question: three main types of membrane receptors
Answer:
-G protein-coupled receptors
-Receptor tyrosine kinases
-Ion channel receptors
Question: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
Answer:
cell-surface transmembrane receptors that work with the help of a G protein
Question: Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs)
Answer:
membrane receptors that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to another protein
Question: ligand-gated ion
Answer:
acts as a gate that opens and closes when the receptor changes shape
Question: intracellular receptors
Answer:
, receptors located inside the cell rather than on its cell membrane
Question: phosphorylation
Answer:
the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule
Question: dephosphorylation
Answer:
removal of a phosphate group from a molecule
Question: second messengers
Answer:
Small, non-protein water soluble molecules or ions that send messages throughout the cells
by diffusion.
Question: common second messengers
Answer:
cyclic AMP and calcium ions
Question: cyclic AMP (cAMP)
Answer:
A compound formed from ATP that acts as a second messenger; one of the most commonly
used
Question: adenylyl cyclase
Answer:
an enzyme in the plasma membrane, converts ATP to cAMP in response to an extracellular
signal
Question: phosphorylation cascade
Answer:
a sequence of events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction
leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins
Question: protein phosphates
Answer:
Enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins.
