NURS 5315 UTA Exam 2 2026/2027 Questions And
Correct Answers Graded A+
Which are mechanisms of antigenic variation? (Select all that apply.)
a. ) Siderophoric switching
b. ) Mutation
c. ) Recombination
d. ) Gene switching
b. ) Mutation
c. ) Recombination
d. ) Gene switching
Mutation, recombination, and gene switching all are forms of antigenic variation.
Siderophores are iron receptors on bacteria that assist in replication, and they have
nothing to do with antigenic variation.
Which mechanisms are used by viruses to evade the immune response? (Select all
that apply.)
,a. ) Rapid division
b. ) Antigenic specificity
c. ) Self-protein coat
d. ) Immune suppression
e. ) Lipopolysaccharide
a. ) Rapid division
d. ) Immune suppression
Viruses have developed a number of ways to evade the immune system, including
rapid division, the ability to survive inside a host cell, coating the viral capsid with
self-antigens from the host cell, antigenic variation, neutralization of immune
complexes, complement evasion, immune suppression, and tissue damage.
Which demonstrates how antibiotic resistance may occur? (Select all that apply.)
a. ) Thickened bacterial cell walls trap the antibiotic.
b. ) Modification of the bacterial cell wall prevents antibiotic access.
,c. ) Bacterial enzymes destroy the antibiotic.
d. ) Nucleus of the virus is destroyed.
a. ) Thickened bacterial cell walls trap the antibiotic.
b. ) Modification of the bacterial cell wall prevents antibiotic access.
c. ) Bacterial enzymes destroy the antibiotic.
Resistance may result from sequestration or decreased uptake of the antibiotic.
Thickened cell walls or biofilms trap antibiotics in the extracellular matrix to
prevent access to bacteria. Decreased uptake of the antibiotic results from
modification of the cell wall. Bacterial enzymes can destroy the antibiotic.
Antibiotics are given for bacterial infections, not viral.
Which statement is true regarding the constituents of blood?
a. ) Plasma is made up of 90% dissolved substances and 10% water.
b. ) Blood volume in adults is approximately 6 quarts.
c. ) Plasma accounts for 10% of blood volume.
d. ) Plasma and serum are identical in composition.
b. ) Blood volume in adults is approximately 6 quarts.
, The adult blood volume is approximately 5.5 L or 6 quarts. Plasma is made up of
8% dissolved substances and 92% water. Plasma accounts for 50% to 55% of
blood volume. Plasma differs from serum in that serum is altered in the laboratory
by removing fibrinogen and other clotting factors.
Which blood component is responsible for the critical colloid oncotic pressure?
a. ) Immunoglobulins
b. ) Albumin
c. ) Gamma globulins
d. ) Clotting factors
b. ) Albumin
Albumin molecules are large and do not freely diffuse through the vascular
endothelium, and therefore maintain the critical colloidal osmotic pressure (or
oncotic pressure) that regulates the passage of water and solutes into the
surrounding tissues. The immunoglobulins, including gamma globulins, are
responsible for fighting infection. Clotting factors are responsible for the clotting
cascade and the formation of blood clots.
Which term describes an acidic sulfur-containing lipid that produces effects similar
to histamine?
a. ) Leukotriene
b. ) Prostaglandin
c. ) Adhesion molecule
d. ) Phagocyte
a. ) Leukotriene
Correct Answers Graded A+
Which are mechanisms of antigenic variation? (Select all that apply.)
a. ) Siderophoric switching
b. ) Mutation
c. ) Recombination
d. ) Gene switching
b. ) Mutation
c. ) Recombination
d. ) Gene switching
Mutation, recombination, and gene switching all are forms of antigenic variation.
Siderophores are iron receptors on bacteria that assist in replication, and they have
nothing to do with antigenic variation.
Which mechanisms are used by viruses to evade the immune response? (Select all
that apply.)
,a. ) Rapid division
b. ) Antigenic specificity
c. ) Self-protein coat
d. ) Immune suppression
e. ) Lipopolysaccharide
a. ) Rapid division
d. ) Immune suppression
Viruses have developed a number of ways to evade the immune system, including
rapid division, the ability to survive inside a host cell, coating the viral capsid with
self-antigens from the host cell, antigenic variation, neutralization of immune
complexes, complement evasion, immune suppression, and tissue damage.
Which demonstrates how antibiotic resistance may occur? (Select all that apply.)
a. ) Thickened bacterial cell walls trap the antibiotic.
b. ) Modification of the bacterial cell wall prevents antibiotic access.
,c. ) Bacterial enzymes destroy the antibiotic.
d. ) Nucleus of the virus is destroyed.
a. ) Thickened bacterial cell walls trap the antibiotic.
b. ) Modification of the bacterial cell wall prevents antibiotic access.
c. ) Bacterial enzymes destroy the antibiotic.
Resistance may result from sequestration or decreased uptake of the antibiotic.
Thickened cell walls or biofilms trap antibiotics in the extracellular matrix to
prevent access to bacteria. Decreased uptake of the antibiotic results from
modification of the cell wall. Bacterial enzymes can destroy the antibiotic.
Antibiotics are given for bacterial infections, not viral.
Which statement is true regarding the constituents of blood?
a. ) Plasma is made up of 90% dissolved substances and 10% water.
b. ) Blood volume in adults is approximately 6 quarts.
c. ) Plasma accounts for 10% of blood volume.
d. ) Plasma and serum are identical in composition.
b. ) Blood volume in adults is approximately 6 quarts.
, The adult blood volume is approximately 5.5 L or 6 quarts. Plasma is made up of
8% dissolved substances and 92% water. Plasma accounts for 50% to 55% of
blood volume. Plasma differs from serum in that serum is altered in the laboratory
by removing fibrinogen and other clotting factors.
Which blood component is responsible for the critical colloid oncotic pressure?
a. ) Immunoglobulins
b. ) Albumin
c. ) Gamma globulins
d. ) Clotting factors
b. ) Albumin
Albumin molecules are large and do not freely diffuse through the vascular
endothelium, and therefore maintain the critical colloidal osmotic pressure (or
oncotic pressure) that regulates the passage of water and solutes into the
surrounding tissues. The immunoglobulins, including gamma globulins, are
responsible for fighting infection. Clotting factors are responsible for the clotting
cascade and the formation of blood clots.
Which term describes an acidic sulfur-containing lipid that produces effects similar
to histamine?
a. ) Leukotriene
b. ) Prostaglandin
c. ) Adhesion molecule
d. ) Phagocyte
a. ) Leukotriene
