MNG3701 EXAM SCRIPT VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS COMPLETE
REVIEW MATERIAL
●● Glyconeogenesis
Answer: The synthesis of glucose from non‑carbohydrate precursors
such as lactate, glycerol, and amino acids. It occurs mainly in the liver
(and partly in the kidney) and is essentially the metabolic "reverse" of
glycolysis.
●● Glycogenolysis
Answer: The breakdown of glycogen into glucose‑1‑phosphate and
glucose, providing a rapid source of glucose during fasting or increased
energy demand. Occurs primarily in the liver (to maintain blood
glucose) and muscle (for local energy use).
●● Glycogenesis
Answer: The formation of glycogen from glucose for storage. Occurs
mainly in the liver and skeletal muscle(epinephrine) when glucose levels
are high.
●● Insulin activates
Answer: glycogenesis
,●● Glucagon is present in the
Answer: liver and epinephrine in muscle
●● Glycogenolysis is activated by
Answer: glucagon, PKA, phosphorylase kinase, Epineprhine, Calcium
ions, AMP
●● Glycogenesis ACTIVATORS
Answer: Insulin, High glucose availability, High ATP
●● Glycogenolysis activators
Answer: Glycogen, Epinephrine, calcium, AMP
●● Glycogenesis inhibitors
Answer: Glucagon, Epinephrine, low ATP, high AMP, phosphorylation
of glycogen synthase (PKA)
●● Glycogenolysis inhibitors
Answer: insulin, high ATP, high glucose-6-phosphate, high glucose
●● NAD+ oxidizes
Answer: C-O bonds
,●● FAD oxidizes
Answer: C-C bonds
●● CoA does what?
Answer: Transfers acetyl groups
●● NADH and FADH2 are
Answer: High-energy electron carriers
●● Net ATP gain from glycolysis
Answer: 2 ATP per glucose molecule
●● What coenzyme transfers acetyl groups?
Answer: Coenzyme A
●● What is produced when NAD+ is reduced
Answer: NADH + H+
●● What process removes the amino group from glutamate?
Answer: Oxidative deamination
●● What cycle detoxifies ammonium ion
, Answer: Urea Cycle
●● The citric acid cycle requires:
Answer: Oxygen
●● Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to
Answer: Lactate
●● Glycolysis occurs in the:
Answer: Cytoplasm
●● Which coenzyme is reduced during oxidation of a carbon-oxygen
bond
Answer: NAD+
●● Amino Acid metabolism:
Answer: 1. transamination= amino group transfer
2. oxidative deamination - removes NH4+
3. Urea cycle- detoxifies NH4+
4. Glucogenic vs ketogenic amino acids
●● ____ is the metabolic pathway your body uses to break down fatty
acids to generate energy
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS COMPLETE
REVIEW MATERIAL
●● Glyconeogenesis
Answer: The synthesis of glucose from non‑carbohydrate precursors
such as lactate, glycerol, and amino acids. It occurs mainly in the liver
(and partly in the kidney) and is essentially the metabolic "reverse" of
glycolysis.
●● Glycogenolysis
Answer: The breakdown of glycogen into glucose‑1‑phosphate and
glucose, providing a rapid source of glucose during fasting or increased
energy demand. Occurs primarily in the liver (to maintain blood
glucose) and muscle (for local energy use).
●● Glycogenesis
Answer: The formation of glycogen from glucose for storage. Occurs
mainly in the liver and skeletal muscle(epinephrine) when glucose levels
are high.
●● Insulin activates
Answer: glycogenesis
,●● Glucagon is present in the
Answer: liver and epinephrine in muscle
●● Glycogenolysis is activated by
Answer: glucagon, PKA, phosphorylase kinase, Epineprhine, Calcium
ions, AMP
●● Glycogenesis ACTIVATORS
Answer: Insulin, High glucose availability, High ATP
●● Glycogenolysis activators
Answer: Glycogen, Epinephrine, calcium, AMP
●● Glycogenesis inhibitors
Answer: Glucagon, Epinephrine, low ATP, high AMP, phosphorylation
of glycogen synthase (PKA)
●● Glycogenolysis inhibitors
Answer: insulin, high ATP, high glucose-6-phosphate, high glucose
●● NAD+ oxidizes
Answer: C-O bonds
,●● FAD oxidizes
Answer: C-C bonds
●● CoA does what?
Answer: Transfers acetyl groups
●● NADH and FADH2 are
Answer: High-energy electron carriers
●● Net ATP gain from glycolysis
Answer: 2 ATP per glucose molecule
●● What coenzyme transfers acetyl groups?
Answer: Coenzyme A
●● What is produced when NAD+ is reduced
Answer: NADH + H+
●● What process removes the amino group from glutamate?
Answer: Oxidative deamination
●● What cycle detoxifies ammonium ion
, Answer: Urea Cycle
●● The citric acid cycle requires:
Answer: Oxygen
●● Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to
Answer: Lactate
●● Glycolysis occurs in the:
Answer: Cytoplasm
●● Which coenzyme is reduced during oxidation of a carbon-oxygen
bond
Answer: NAD+
●● Amino Acid metabolism:
Answer: 1. transamination= amino group transfer
2. oxidative deamination - removes NH4+
3. Urea cycle- detoxifies NH4+
4. Glucogenic vs ketogenic amino acids
●● ____ is the metabolic pathway your body uses to break down fatty
acids to generate energy
