,NR 507 Midterm Exam – Advanced Pathophysiology Actual Questions
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Question 1
A client presents with enlargement of the left ventricle due to long-standing
hypertension. This is an example of which type of cellular adaptation?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size leading to organ enlargement. The left
ventricle enlarges in response to increased workload (hypertension) because cardiac
muscle cells cannot divide (hyperplasia) .
Question 2
A client who smokes has a change in the bronchial epithelium from ciliated columnar to
stratified squamous. This is an example of:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with
another. In smokers, chronic irritation causes the bronchial epithelium to change to
stratified squamous epithelium, which is more protective but loses ciliary function .
Question 3
Cellular swelling and fatty change are characteristics of:
,A) Reversible cell injury
B) Irreversible cell injury
C) Apoptosis
D) Necrosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Reversible cell injury causes cellular swelling (due to impaired Na+/K+
pump) and fatty change (due to lipid accumulation). Irreversible injury includes nuclear
changes (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis) and membrane disruption .
Question 4
Which of the following is an irreversible change in cell injury?
A) Cellular swelling
B) Fatty change
C) Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage)
D) Loss of microvilli
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage), karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation), and
karyolysis (nuclear dissolution) are irreversible nuclear changes indicating cell death .
Question 5
Coagulative necrosis is most commonly seen in which organ?
A) Brain
B) Lung
C) Heart (myocardial infarction)
D) Pancreas
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis is characteristic of ischemic injury in solid organs such
as the heart (myocardial infarction), kidney, and liver. Brain typically undergoes
liquefactive necrosis .
, Question 6
Liquefactive necrosis is characteristic of:
A) Myocardial infarction
B) Brain infarction (stroke)
C) Tuberculosis
D) Ischemic injury to the kidney
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain due to enzymatic digestion of
necrotic tissue, forming a cystic space. It also occurs in bacterial abscesses .
Question 7
Caseous necrosis is characteristic of which condition?
A) Tuberculosis
B) Myocardial infarction
C) Pancreatitis
D) Gangrene
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Caseous necrosis (cheese-like) is characteristic of tuberculosis. It represents a
combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis with a granulomatous
inflammatory response .
Question 8
Gangrenous necrosis is most commonly associated with:
A) Brain injury
B) Liver injury
C) Lower extremities (ischemia with bacterial infection)
D) Lung infection
Correct Answer: C
& Answers (Chamberlain) 100% Guarantee Pass
Question 1
A client presents with enlargement of the left ventricle due to long-standing
hypertension. This is an example of which type of cellular adaptation?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size leading to organ enlargement. The left
ventricle enlarges in response to increased workload (hypertension) because cardiac
muscle cells cannot divide (hyperplasia) .
Question 2
A client who smokes has a change in the bronchial epithelium from ciliated columnar to
stratified squamous. This is an example of:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with
another. In smokers, chronic irritation causes the bronchial epithelium to change to
stratified squamous epithelium, which is more protective but loses ciliary function .
Question 3
Cellular swelling and fatty change are characteristics of:
,A) Reversible cell injury
B) Irreversible cell injury
C) Apoptosis
D) Necrosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Reversible cell injury causes cellular swelling (due to impaired Na+/K+
pump) and fatty change (due to lipid accumulation). Irreversible injury includes nuclear
changes (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis) and membrane disruption .
Question 4
Which of the following is an irreversible change in cell injury?
A) Cellular swelling
B) Fatty change
C) Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage)
D) Loss of microvilli
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage), karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation), and
karyolysis (nuclear dissolution) are irreversible nuclear changes indicating cell death .
Question 5
Coagulative necrosis is most commonly seen in which organ?
A) Brain
B) Lung
C) Heart (myocardial infarction)
D) Pancreas
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis is characteristic of ischemic injury in solid organs such
as the heart (myocardial infarction), kidney, and liver. Brain typically undergoes
liquefactive necrosis .
, Question 6
Liquefactive necrosis is characteristic of:
A) Myocardial infarction
B) Brain infarction (stroke)
C) Tuberculosis
D) Ischemic injury to the kidney
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain due to enzymatic digestion of
necrotic tissue, forming a cystic space. It also occurs in bacterial abscesses .
Question 7
Caseous necrosis is characteristic of which condition?
A) Tuberculosis
B) Myocardial infarction
C) Pancreatitis
D) Gangrene
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Caseous necrosis (cheese-like) is characteristic of tuberculosis. It represents a
combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis with a granulomatous
inflammatory response .
Question 8
Gangrenous necrosis is most commonly associated with:
A) Brain injury
B) Liver injury
C) Lower extremities (ischemia with bacterial infection)
D) Lung infection
Correct Answer: C
