,NR 507 Midterm Exam – Advanced Pathophysiology
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Question 1
A client presents with enlargement of the left ventricle due to long-standing
hypertension. This is an example of which type of cellular adaptation?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B) Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size leading to organ enlargement. The left
ventricle enlarges in response to increased workload (hypertension) because cardiac
muscle cells cannot divide (hyperplasia) .
Question 2
A client who smokes has a change in the bronchial epithelium from ciliated columnar to
stratified squamous. This is an example of:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: D) Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with
another. In smokers, the normal ciliated columnar epithelium of the bronchi is replaced by
stratified squamous epithelium as an adaptive response to chronic irritation .
,Question 3
A client has a mutation in a tumor suppressor gene. Which finding is most likely?
A) Increased risk of cancer due to loss of cell cycle regulation
B) Enhanced DNA repair mechanisms
C) Decreased cellular proliferation
D) Increased apoptosis
Correct Answer: A) Increased risk of cancer due to loss of cell cycle regulation
Rationale: Tumor suppressor genes (e.g., p53, Rb) normally regulate cell division. When
mutated, this regulation is lost, increasing cancer risk .
Question 4
Which type of cellular adaptation occurs in response to increased workload and results
in increased cell size?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B) Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to increased workload (e.g., cardiac
muscle in hypertension). Hyperplasia is increased cell number; atrophy is decreased cell
size; metaplasia is one cell type replacing another .
Question 5
Reversible cell injury is characterized by:
A) Nuclear fragmentation
B) Cellular swelling and fatty change
C) Lysosomal rupture
D) Plasma membrane disruption
Correct Answer: B) Cellular swelling and fatty change
, Rationale: Reversible cell injury causes cellular swelling (due to impaired Na+/K+ pump)
and fatty change (due to lipid accumulation). Irreversible injury includes nuclear changes
and membrane disruption .
Question 6
Which of the following is an irreversible change in cell injury?
A) Cellular swelling
B) Fatty change
C) Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage)
D) Loss of microvilli
Correct Answer: C) Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage)
Rationale: Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage), karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation), and
karyolysis (nuclear dissolution) are irreversible nuclear changes indicating cell death .
Question 7
Coagulative necrosis is most commonly seen in which organ?
A) Brain
B) Lung
C) Heart (myocardial infarction)
D) Pancreas
Correct Answer: C) Heart (myocardial infarction)
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis is characteristic of ischemic injury in solid organs such as
the heart (myocardial infarction), kidney, and liver. Brain typically undergoes liquefactive
necrosis .
Question 8
Liquefactive necrosis is characteristic of:
A) Myocardial infarction
B) Brain infarction (stroke)
Actual Questions & Answers (Chamberlain)
100% Guarantee Pass
Question 1
A client presents with enlargement of the left ventricle due to long-standing
hypertension. This is an example of which type of cellular adaptation?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B) Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size leading to organ enlargement. The left
ventricle enlarges in response to increased workload (hypertension) because cardiac
muscle cells cannot divide (hyperplasia) .
Question 2
A client who smokes has a change in the bronchial epithelium from ciliated columnar to
stratified squamous. This is an example of:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: D) Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with
another. In smokers, the normal ciliated columnar epithelium of the bronchi is replaced by
stratified squamous epithelium as an adaptive response to chronic irritation .
,Question 3
A client has a mutation in a tumor suppressor gene. Which finding is most likely?
A) Increased risk of cancer due to loss of cell cycle regulation
B) Enhanced DNA repair mechanisms
C) Decreased cellular proliferation
D) Increased apoptosis
Correct Answer: A) Increased risk of cancer due to loss of cell cycle regulation
Rationale: Tumor suppressor genes (e.g., p53, Rb) normally regulate cell division. When
mutated, this regulation is lost, increasing cancer risk .
Question 4
Which type of cellular adaptation occurs in response to increased workload and results
in increased cell size?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B) Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to increased workload (e.g., cardiac
muscle in hypertension). Hyperplasia is increased cell number; atrophy is decreased cell
size; metaplasia is one cell type replacing another .
Question 5
Reversible cell injury is characterized by:
A) Nuclear fragmentation
B) Cellular swelling and fatty change
C) Lysosomal rupture
D) Plasma membrane disruption
Correct Answer: B) Cellular swelling and fatty change
, Rationale: Reversible cell injury causes cellular swelling (due to impaired Na+/K+ pump)
and fatty change (due to lipid accumulation). Irreversible injury includes nuclear changes
and membrane disruption .
Question 6
Which of the following is an irreversible change in cell injury?
A) Cellular swelling
B) Fatty change
C) Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage)
D) Loss of microvilli
Correct Answer: C) Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage)
Rationale: Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage), karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation), and
karyolysis (nuclear dissolution) are irreversible nuclear changes indicating cell death .
Question 7
Coagulative necrosis is most commonly seen in which organ?
A) Brain
B) Lung
C) Heart (myocardial infarction)
D) Pancreas
Correct Answer: C) Heart (myocardial infarction)
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis is characteristic of ischemic injury in solid organs such as
the heart (myocardial infarction), kidney, and liver. Brain typically undergoes liquefactive
necrosis .
Question 8
Liquefactive necrosis is characteristic of:
A) Myocardial infarction
B) Brain infarction (stroke)
