ACVPM CORE MAIN QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
SURE A+
✔✔Antibiotic Prophylaxis, Metaphylaxis, Treatment - ✔✔Prophylaxis: Antimicrobial
prevention of disease -Prevention is the administration of an antimicrobial to an
individual animal to mitigate the risk for acquiring disease or infection that is anticipated
based on history, clinical judgement, or epidemiological knowledge. Metaphylaxis:
Antimicrobial control of disease - Control is the administration of an antimicrobial to an
individual animal with a subclinical infection to reduce the risk of the infection becoming
clinically apparent, spreading to other tissues or organs, or being transmitted to other
individuals.
Treatment: Antimicrobial treatment of disease.
✔✔Compounding from Bulk Pharmaceuticals - ✔✔Non- food animals: The AVMA
believes there are three general sets of circumstances in which compounding from bulk
pharmaceutical ingredients may be medically necessary: the approved product is not
commercially available, the needed compounded preparation cannot be made from the
approved product, or there is no approved product from which to compound the needed
preparation.
Food animals: The AVMA recognizes specific circumstances wherein bulk compounds
might be medically necessary in food animals, specifically poison antidotes and
compounds for euthanasia or depopulation that are not approved or commercially
available. These actions should take place only within the context of a veterinarian-
client-patient relationship.
✔✔VCPR - ✔✔1) You have assumed responsibility for making medical judgments about
the
health of an animal, or animals, and the need for medical treatment. In turn, the
client (the owner or other animal caretaker) has agreed to follow your
instructions;
2 ) You have sufficient knowledge of the animal, or animals, to develop a general
or preliminary diagnosis of the medical condition; and
, 3) You are readily available for follow-up in case of adverse drug reactions or
treatment failure.
✔✔Fisher Exact Test - ✔✔nonparametric test used instead of chi-square if sample size
is small or some cells in contingency table have no observations
✔✔McNemar test - ✔✔A test for comparing proportions in data involving paired
samples.
b is the number of pairs for which the individual receiving treatment A has a positive
response and the individual receiving treatment B does not, and c is the number of pairs
for which the reverse is the case. If the probability of a positive response is the same in
each group, then X2 has a chi-squared distribution with a single degree of freedom.
✔✔Cochran Q test - ✔✔comparison of percentages obtained from
3 or more samples of *repeated measurements*
Alternative hypothesis: at least one population
percentage differs from another population percentage.
Because samples of repeated measurements are
not independent, neither the χ2 test of association nor
the extended Fisher exact test can be used.
When Cochran Q test significant, next use McNamar test comparing two pop
percentages at a time
✔✔Mann-Whitney test - ✔✔(a.k.a. Wilcoxon ranked sum)
Test the hypothesis that 2 populations have the same distributions.
✔✔Bland-Altman plot - ✔✔Difference between 2 measurements (vertical) and the mean
of the 2 measurements (horizontal) plotted.
Used to assess the size of the differences between 2 measurement methods and to
look for patterns
in the differences.
✔✔Logistic regression - ✔✔Investigate whether independent variable is related linearly
to the logarithm of the odds (log odds or logit) for dependent variable.
✔✔Log-rank test - ✔✔test used to compare survival analysis curves between 2 or more
categorical groups
Ho: All of the groups have the same population waiting time curves.
✔✔Cox proportional hazards regression (Cox regression) - ✔✔Determine whether
waiting time is linearly related to noncategorical independent variable. Calculate hazard
ratios instead of Odds ratios.
SURE A+
✔✔Antibiotic Prophylaxis, Metaphylaxis, Treatment - ✔✔Prophylaxis: Antimicrobial
prevention of disease -Prevention is the administration of an antimicrobial to an
individual animal to mitigate the risk for acquiring disease or infection that is anticipated
based on history, clinical judgement, or epidemiological knowledge. Metaphylaxis:
Antimicrobial control of disease - Control is the administration of an antimicrobial to an
individual animal with a subclinical infection to reduce the risk of the infection becoming
clinically apparent, spreading to other tissues or organs, or being transmitted to other
individuals.
Treatment: Antimicrobial treatment of disease.
✔✔Compounding from Bulk Pharmaceuticals - ✔✔Non- food animals: The AVMA
believes there are three general sets of circumstances in which compounding from bulk
pharmaceutical ingredients may be medically necessary: the approved product is not
commercially available, the needed compounded preparation cannot be made from the
approved product, or there is no approved product from which to compound the needed
preparation.
Food animals: The AVMA recognizes specific circumstances wherein bulk compounds
might be medically necessary in food animals, specifically poison antidotes and
compounds for euthanasia or depopulation that are not approved or commercially
available. These actions should take place only within the context of a veterinarian-
client-patient relationship.
✔✔VCPR - ✔✔1) You have assumed responsibility for making medical judgments about
the
health of an animal, or animals, and the need for medical treatment. In turn, the
client (the owner or other animal caretaker) has agreed to follow your
instructions;
2 ) You have sufficient knowledge of the animal, or animals, to develop a general
or preliminary diagnosis of the medical condition; and
, 3) You are readily available for follow-up in case of adverse drug reactions or
treatment failure.
✔✔Fisher Exact Test - ✔✔nonparametric test used instead of chi-square if sample size
is small or some cells in contingency table have no observations
✔✔McNemar test - ✔✔A test for comparing proportions in data involving paired
samples.
b is the number of pairs for which the individual receiving treatment A has a positive
response and the individual receiving treatment B does not, and c is the number of pairs
for which the reverse is the case. If the probability of a positive response is the same in
each group, then X2 has a chi-squared distribution with a single degree of freedom.
✔✔Cochran Q test - ✔✔comparison of percentages obtained from
3 or more samples of *repeated measurements*
Alternative hypothesis: at least one population
percentage differs from another population percentage.
Because samples of repeated measurements are
not independent, neither the χ2 test of association nor
the extended Fisher exact test can be used.
When Cochran Q test significant, next use McNamar test comparing two pop
percentages at a time
✔✔Mann-Whitney test - ✔✔(a.k.a. Wilcoxon ranked sum)
Test the hypothesis that 2 populations have the same distributions.
✔✔Bland-Altman plot - ✔✔Difference between 2 measurements (vertical) and the mean
of the 2 measurements (horizontal) plotted.
Used to assess the size of the differences between 2 measurement methods and to
look for patterns
in the differences.
✔✔Logistic regression - ✔✔Investigate whether independent variable is related linearly
to the logarithm of the odds (log odds or logit) for dependent variable.
✔✔Log-rank test - ✔✔test used to compare survival analysis curves between 2 or more
categorical groups
Ho: All of the groups have the same population waiting time curves.
✔✔Cox proportional hazards regression (Cox regression) - ✔✔Determine whether
waiting time is linearly related to noncategorical independent variable. Calculate hazard
ratios instead of Odds ratios.
