RESPIRATORY-RENAL STUDY GUIDE |
COMPLETE EXAM PREP, PRACTICE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
| GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Updated 2026 Questions and Answers
100% Verified Exam Prep
,The Conducting Zone includes the structures from the ______ to nose to terminal bronchioles
__________
Conducting Zone or Respiratory Zone? Conducting Zone
Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles
The Conducting Zone is lined with what type of cells? mucus-secreting and ciliated cells
What are the functions of the Conducting Zone? (3 of them) - Conduct air
- Cleaning: Removal inhaled particles by rhythmic beating of cilia
- Moistens and warms inspired air
The Respiratory Zone includes the structures that are lined alveoli
with ________ for gas exchange
Alveolar walls are (thin? or thick?) and have a (small? or thin; large
large?) surface area for diffusion of O2 and CO2
What type of alveolar cells are thin and squamous? Type 1
What type of alveolar cells are granular and cuboidal in Type 2
shape?
What type of alveolar cells comprise <5% of the alveolar Type 2
surface area?
What type of alveolar cells cover >95% of the alveolar surface Type 1
area?
What type of alveolar cells are 60% of alveolar epithelial Type 2
cells?
What type of alveolar cells are responsible for gas exchange? Type 1
What type of alveolar cells produce and secrete phospholipid Type 2
surfactant?
,T/F: Type 2 pneumocytes can replicate to replace damaged True
Type 1 pneumocytes
What're the components of the Respiratory Membrane aka Alveolar wall, Pulmonary capillary endothelial cells, and Pulmonary interstitial fluid
blood-air barrier / alveolar-capillary barrier? (3 of them)
The alveolar wall is mostly made of what? Type 1 pneumocytes and surfactant
T/F: Respiratory Membrane (The blood-air barrier, alveolar- False;
capillary barrier) is very thick and impermeable
Very thin and permeable to oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and other lipid-
soluble gases
The pulmonary circulation is characterized by much lower pressure and resistance
_______ and ________ than the systemic circulation
Pulmonary blood flow is directly proportional to the pressure pulmonary artery; left atrium
gradient between the pulmonary _______ and the _______ atrium
Pulmonary blood flow is inversely proportional to the _________ resistance
of the pulmonary vasculature
Pulmonary blood flow remains the same as systemic flow lower
because both pressures and resistances in the pulmonary
circulation are proportionately ______ (about 10 times _______)
Conducting Zone or Respiratory Zone? Respiratory Zone
Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, and Alveolar sacs
What is transpulmonary pressure? Difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure. Keeps the lungs open.
What is the transpulmonary pressure value at rest? 4 mmHg
0 - (-4)
What is the transmural pressure across the chest wall? Difference between intrapleural pressure and atmospheric pressure. Holds chest wall in
, What is the transmural pressure across the chest wall value at -4 mmHg
rest?
-4 - 0
Why is transpulmonary pressure physiologically important for For the lungs to function normally, the intrapleural pressure must be lower than alveolar
lung function? pressure at the end of unforced expiration
Ptp = Palv − Pip
What typically contains 2 or more volumes? Capacities
T/F: Residual volume can be measured by spirometry False; cannot
What other capacities cannot be measured by spirometry Functional residual capacity (FRC) and total lung capacity (TLC)
because they include residual volume?
What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)? Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
What is the normal value for inspiratory reserve volume? 3000 mL
What is Tidal Volume (TV)? amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breathing cycle
What is normal value for tidal volume? 500 mL
What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)? amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume expiration
What is normal value for expiratory reserve volume? 1200 mL
What is Residual Volume (RV)? amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration
What is normal value for residual volume? 1200 mL
What volumes are in Inspiratory Capacity (IC)? tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
What is the normal value for inspiratory capacity? 3500 mL
COMPLETE EXAM PREP, PRACTICE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
| GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Updated 2026 Questions and Answers
100% Verified Exam Prep
,The Conducting Zone includes the structures from the ______ to nose to terminal bronchioles
__________
Conducting Zone or Respiratory Zone? Conducting Zone
Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles
The Conducting Zone is lined with what type of cells? mucus-secreting and ciliated cells
What are the functions of the Conducting Zone? (3 of them) - Conduct air
- Cleaning: Removal inhaled particles by rhythmic beating of cilia
- Moistens and warms inspired air
The Respiratory Zone includes the structures that are lined alveoli
with ________ for gas exchange
Alveolar walls are (thin? or thick?) and have a (small? or thin; large
large?) surface area for diffusion of O2 and CO2
What type of alveolar cells are thin and squamous? Type 1
What type of alveolar cells are granular and cuboidal in Type 2
shape?
What type of alveolar cells comprise <5% of the alveolar Type 2
surface area?
What type of alveolar cells cover >95% of the alveolar surface Type 1
area?
What type of alveolar cells are 60% of alveolar epithelial Type 2
cells?
What type of alveolar cells are responsible for gas exchange? Type 1
What type of alveolar cells produce and secrete phospholipid Type 2
surfactant?
,T/F: Type 2 pneumocytes can replicate to replace damaged True
Type 1 pneumocytes
What're the components of the Respiratory Membrane aka Alveolar wall, Pulmonary capillary endothelial cells, and Pulmonary interstitial fluid
blood-air barrier / alveolar-capillary barrier? (3 of them)
The alveolar wall is mostly made of what? Type 1 pneumocytes and surfactant
T/F: Respiratory Membrane (The blood-air barrier, alveolar- False;
capillary barrier) is very thick and impermeable
Very thin and permeable to oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and other lipid-
soluble gases
The pulmonary circulation is characterized by much lower pressure and resistance
_______ and ________ than the systemic circulation
Pulmonary blood flow is directly proportional to the pressure pulmonary artery; left atrium
gradient between the pulmonary _______ and the _______ atrium
Pulmonary blood flow is inversely proportional to the _________ resistance
of the pulmonary vasculature
Pulmonary blood flow remains the same as systemic flow lower
because both pressures and resistances in the pulmonary
circulation are proportionately ______ (about 10 times _______)
Conducting Zone or Respiratory Zone? Respiratory Zone
Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, and Alveolar sacs
What is transpulmonary pressure? Difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure. Keeps the lungs open.
What is the transpulmonary pressure value at rest? 4 mmHg
0 - (-4)
What is the transmural pressure across the chest wall? Difference between intrapleural pressure and atmospheric pressure. Holds chest wall in
, What is the transmural pressure across the chest wall value at -4 mmHg
rest?
-4 - 0
Why is transpulmonary pressure physiologically important for For the lungs to function normally, the intrapleural pressure must be lower than alveolar
lung function? pressure at the end of unforced expiration
Ptp = Palv − Pip
What typically contains 2 or more volumes? Capacities
T/F: Residual volume can be measured by spirometry False; cannot
What other capacities cannot be measured by spirometry Functional residual capacity (FRC) and total lung capacity (TLC)
because they include residual volume?
What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)? Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
What is the normal value for inspiratory reserve volume? 3000 mL
What is Tidal Volume (TV)? amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breathing cycle
What is normal value for tidal volume? 500 mL
What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)? amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume expiration
What is normal value for expiratory reserve volume? 1200 mL
What is Residual Volume (RV)? amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration
What is normal value for residual volume? 1200 mL
What volumes are in Inspiratory Capacity (IC)? tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
What is the normal value for inspiratory capacity? 3500 mL
