MMSC 491 EXAM 1 VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
mutation - Answers - change in nucleic acid structure or sequence
epigenetic mechanism - Answers - change in phenotype that is passed down, and not
due to a changed DNA sequence
genome - Answers - all the DNA molecules in a chromosome
chromosome - Answers - DNA is coiled within a nucleus, wrapped around histone
complexes to form nucleosomes, and further coiled to form the chromosome
nucleotide - Answers - phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base
epigenetic variation examples - Answers - DNA methylation, histone modification,
altered DNA accessibility, altered gene expression
Building Blocks of DNA - Answers - Deoxyribose (5-carbon sugar), Phosphate group,
and a Nitrogenous base
Building blocks of RNA - Answers - Ribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
Bonds joining DNA/RNA building blocks - Answers - hydrogen bonds between
nucleotides
phosphodiester holding 5' carbon to 3' carbon sugar on opposing strands
DNA bases - Answers - Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
RNA bases - Answers - Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
5' Functional Group - Answers - phosphate group
3' Functional Group - Answers - hydroxyl group
standard base pairing - Answers - A-T
G-C
hydrogen bonding between complementary bases
A, G are purines
T,C are pyrimidines
nonstandard base pairing - Answers - can lead to mismatches and incorporation of
incorrect bases during replication
bonds in base pairing - Answers - A-T 2 H bonds
, G-C 3 H bonds
H bonds between bases, which stronger? - Answers - G-C more H bonds
complementary base pairing - Answers - In DNA, T pairs with A; G pairs with C;
RNA, U pairs with A and G pairs with C
chomatin - Answers - nucleoprotein material of a chromosome
protein-DNA complex
euchromatin - Answers - the fraction of the nuclear genome that contains
transcriptionally active DNA that adopts an extended conformation
nucleosome and structure - Answers - basic structural unit of chromatin
made of 146 base pairs of DNA wound around an octomer of histone molecules
heterochromatin - Answers - highly condensed chromatin showing little to no evidence
of active gene expression
Facultative: can reversibly de-condense to form euchromatin
Constitutive: remains condensed always
centromere - Answers - specific DNA sequence at the midsection of the chromosome
bound by kinetochore during DNA segregation
needed for proper segregation of chromosomes during division
separates short from long arms
point of attachment for spindle fibers to pull chromatids apart
replication origin - Answers - a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is
initiated
required DNA sequence needed for replication
multiple are needed
proteins bind to bring replication machine
telomeres - Answers - located at the end of chromosomes for stabilization
keeps genes intact
DNA replication - Answers - process by which a genome's DNA is copied to new cells
DNA replication enzymes - Answers - DNA primase, DNA helicase, DNA polymerase,
DNA ligase, and DNA topoisomerase
polymerase - Answers - the builder, replicated DNA molecules to build the new strand of
DNA
Okazaki fragment - Answers - short segments of DNA synthesized discontinuously on
the lagging strand, eventually bound together by DNA ligase
mutation - Answers - change in nucleic acid structure or sequence
epigenetic mechanism - Answers - change in phenotype that is passed down, and not
due to a changed DNA sequence
genome - Answers - all the DNA molecules in a chromosome
chromosome - Answers - DNA is coiled within a nucleus, wrapped around histone
complexes to form nucleosomes, and further coiled to form the chromosome
nucleotide - Answers - phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base
epigenetic variation examples - Answers - DNA methylation, histone modification,
altered DNA accessibility, altered gene expression
Building Blocks of DNA - Answers - Deoxyribose (5-carbon sugar), Phosphate group,
and a Nitrogenous base
Building blocks of RNA - Answers - Ribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
Bonds joining DNA/RNA building blocks - Answers - hydrogen bonds between
nucleotides
phosphodiester holding 5' carbon to 3' carbon sugar on opposing strands
DNA bases - Answers - Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
RNA bases - Answers - Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
5' Functional Group - Answers - phosphate group
3' Functional Group - Answers - hydroxyl group
standard base pairing - Answers - A-T
G-C
hydrogen bonding between complementary bases
A, G are purines
T,C are pyrimidines
nonstandard base pairing - Answers - can lead to mismatches and incorporation of
incorrect bases during replication
bonds in base pairing - Answers - A-T 2 H bonds
, G-C 3 H bonds
H bonds between bases, which stronger? - Answers - G-C more H bonds
complementary base pairing - Answers - In DNA, T pairs with A; G pairs with C;
RNA, U pairs with A and G pairs with C
chomatin - Answers - nucleoprotein material of a chromosome
protein-DNA complex
euchromatin - Answers - the fraction of the nuclear genome that contains
transcriptionally active DNA that adopts an extended conformation
nucleosome and structure - Answers - basic structural unit of chromatin
made of 146 base pairs of DNA wound around an octomer of histone molecules
heterochromatin - Answers - highly condensed chromatin showing little to no evidence
of active gene expression
Facultative: can reversibly de-condense to form euchromatin
Constitutive: remains condensed always
centromere - Answers - specific DNA sequence at the midsection of the chromosome
bound by kinetochore during DNA segregation
needed for proper segregation of chromosomes during division
separates short from long arms
point of attachment for spindle fibers to pull chromatids apart
replication origin - Answers - a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is
initiated
required DNA sequence needed for replication
multiple are needed
proteins bind to bring replication machine
telomeres - Answers - located at the end of chromosomes for stabilization
keeps genes intact
DNA replication - Answers - process by which a genome's DNA is copied to new cells
DNA replication enzymes - Answers - DNA primase, DNA helicase, DNA polymerase,
DNA ligase, and DNA topoisomerase
polymerase - Answers - the builder, replicated DNA molecules to build the new strand of
DNA
Okazaki fragment - Answers - short segments of DNA synthesized discontinuously on
the lagging strand, eventually bound together by DNA ligase
