NU 578 Unit 4 EXAM with
questions and well verified
answers actual exam!!!
2026
Insulin use - ANSWER -Insulin is used to treat all patients with type 1 and many with
type 2 diabetes. consists of two amino acid chains (a acidic and b basic) linked by two disulfide
bridges. it is synthesized in the pancreas by b ce;;s within islets of langerhans. insulin is
released by rise in blood sugar (eating a. meal).
Anaolic reaction (insulin promotes conservation of energy and buildup of energy stores)
Insulin metabolic actions - ANSWER -Insulin promotes glucose into glycogen, amino
acids assembled into proteins, fatty acids into triglycerides.
Insulin deficiency promotes glycogen into glucose, proteins into amino acids, and fats into
glycerol.
Metformin use - ANSWER -Biguanide
used for type 2 DM. oral anti diabetic. may be used with other drugs. can be used for
prevention of type 2 diabetes, GDM, PCOS.
Reduces GI absorbance of glucose and hepatic production of glucose. Does not stimulate
insulin release from the pancreas.
Increases HDL, decreases BP, promotes weight loss.
, Incretin Mimetics ('tides) - ANSWER -injectables that slow gastric emptying, causes
weight loss and help an overwhelmed pancreas.
solfonylureas - ANSWER -stimulate pancreas to release more insulin. range in onset,
duration, and potency and are only used for type 2 diabetes. there are first generation and
second generation. second are more potent and doses are lower and drug drug interactions
are less common
AE: hypoglycemia
Acarbose - ANSWER -a glucosidase inhibitor
oral anti diabetic agent that inhibits breakdown of oligosaccharides into monosaccharides. this
delays digestion and prolongs absorption of carbs and decreases postprandial hyperglycemia!!
ADR: FI upset and flatulence.
take this with first bite of each meal.
Insulin Complications/ Drug Interactions - ANSWER -hypoglycemia caused by overdose.
hypoglycemic agents (sulfonylureas, glinides, and alcohol), hyperglycemia agents, b adrenergic
blocking agents.
Sitagliptin - ANSWER -DP4 inhibitor.
stimulates glucose dependent release of insulin and suppresses postprandial release of
glycogen. both actions help keep BG from climbing to ohhight. used for type 2 dm
AE: URI, headache, inflammation of nasal passages, pancreatitis, hypersensitivity reactions.
DPP-4 Inhibitors (gliptins) - ANSWER -go to pancreas and increase insulin release.
Example is Sitaglitpin
questions and well verified
answers actual exam!!!
2026
Insulin use - ANSWER -Insulin is used to treat all patients with type 1 and many with
type 2 diabetes. consists of two amino acid chains (a acidic and b basic) linked by two disulfide
bridges. it is synthesized in the pancreas by b ce;;s within islets of langerhans. insulin is
released by rise in blood sugar (eating a. meal).
Anaolic reaction (insulin promotes conservation of energy and buildup of energy stores)
Insulin metabolic actions - ANSWER -Insulin promotes glucose into glycogen, amino
acids assembled into proteins, fatty acids into triglycerides.
Insulin deficiency promotes glycogen into glucose, proteins into amino acids, and fats into
glycerol.
Metformin use - ANSWER -Biguanide
used for type 2 DM. oral anti diabetic. may be used with other drugs. can be used for
prevention of type 2 diabetes, GDM, PCOS.
Reduces GI absorbance of glucose and hepatic production of glucose. Does not stimulate
insulin release from the pancreas.
Increases HDL, decreases BP, promotes weight loss.
, Incretin Mimetics ('tides) - ANSWER -injectables that slow gastric emptying, causes
weight loss and help an overwhelmed pancreas.
solfonylureas - ANSWER -stimulate pancreas to release more insulin. range in onset,
duration, and potency and are only used for type 2 diabetes. there are first generation and
second generation. second are more potent and doses are lower and drug drug interactions
are less common
AE: hypoglycemia
Acarbose - ANSWER -a glucosidase inhibitor
oral anti diabetic agent that inhibits breakdown of oligosaccharides into monosaccharides. this
delays digestion and prolongs absorption of carbs and decreases postprandial hyperglycemia!!
ADR: FI upset and flatulence.
take this with first bite of each meal.
Insulin Complications/ Drug Interactions - ANSWER -hypoglycemia caused by overdose.
hypoglycemic agents (sulfonylureas, glinides, and alcohol), hyperglycemia agents, b adrenergic
blocking agents.
Sitagliptin - ANSWER -DP4 inhibitor.
stimulates glucose dependent release of insulin and suppresses postprandial release of
glycogen. both actions help keep BG from climbing to ohhight. used for type 2 dm
AE: URI, headache, inflammation of nasal passages, pancreatitis, hypersensitivity reactions.
DPP-4 Inhibitors (gliptins) - ANSWER -go to pancreas and increase insulin release.
Example is Sitaglitpin
