NRSG 257 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | COMPLETE NURSING
EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
How is thinking/reasoning important for nursing practice? - ✔✔Thinking/reasoning is important for
nursing practice as it promotes safe, effective care at the bedside. It makes the difference between
keeping patient's safe and putting them in harm's way.
What are differences between ordinary everyday critical thinking and clinical reasoning? How does
clinical judgment relate to critical thinking/clinical reasoning? - ✔✔Everyday critical thinking differs
from clinical reasoning in that clinical reasoning takes into account the nursing process and is about
thinking through the scope of the nursing process to make decisions. Clinical reasoning is a specific term
that refers to the assessment and management of patient problems at the point of care- for example,
applying nursing process at the bedside. For reasoning about other clinical issues such as promoting
teamwork and streamlining work flow, nurses usually use the term critical thinking. Critical thinking is a
broad term that includes clinical reasoning.
How is reflection useful? - ✔✔By reflecting on your thinking/reasoning, you can determine how you
could improve for next time, as well as giving yourself an opportunity to recognize any personal biases
that played a role in your decision-making. When coordinating care, remember the importance of
thinking ahead, thinking in action, and thinking back (reflecting) during implementation. Thinking back
consists of reflecting on your thinking to decide what you can learn from what happened, what
influenced your thinking, and what you can do better next time- this usually requires dialogue with
others or journaling to make your thoughts explicit.
What does the book, Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice (ANA) have to say about the nursing
process? - ✔✔The Standards of Practice describe a competent level of nursing care as demonstrated by
the critical thinking model known as the nursing process. The nursing process includes the components
of assessment, diagnosis, outcomes identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation. The
nursing process encompasses significant actions taken by registered nurses and forms the foundation of
the nurse's decision making.
How does the nursing process relate to clinical reasoning - ✔✔The nursing process promotes safe,
effective reasoning because it is a purposeful, organized, systematic, humanistic, dynamic cycle. It forces
the nurse to be proactive, make evidence-based decisions, have outcome-focused and cost-effective
results, be intuitive and logical, and be reflective, creative, and improvement-oriented. It also ensures
that results will be recorded in a standard way.
What are the steps in the nursing process? - ✔✔The five steps in the nursing process are assessment,
diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
What kinds of data are collected during the Assessment phase? - ✔✔Pertinent data is collected during
the Assessment phase that includes but is not limited to demographics, social determinants of health,
health disparities, and physical, functional, psychosocial, emotional, cognitive, sexual, cultural, age-
relate, environmental, spiritual/transpersonal, and economic assessments in a systematic, ongoing
, process with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and unique attributes of every
person.
What is the purpose of clustering the data (cues) using a clinical reasoning web? - ✔✔Clustering the
data (cues) using a clinical reasoning web allows one to see how the data groups together to form
patterns, which can give the nurse a picture of what might be happening and lead to a more accurate
nursing diagnosis.
When nurses carry out the planning phase, what are they actually planning? - ✔✔The planning phase is
to clarify expected outcomes (results), set priorities, and determine interventions (nursing actions). The
interventions are designed to: (1) detect, prevent, and manage health problems and risk factors, (2)
promote optimum function, independence, and sense of well-being, (3) achieve the expected outcomes
safely and efficiently.
How are the 7 domains of the NIC taxonomy organized? - ✔✔The 554 interventions in NIC have been
organized into 7 domains and 30 classes. Each of the 7 domains (numbered 1 through 7) contain classes
(assigned alphabetical letters, A to Z, a,b,c,d) or groups of related interventions ( each with a unique
code of four numbers) that are at the third level of the taxonomy
What is the difference between Interventions and activities? - ✔✔An intervention is defined as any
treatment, based upon clinical judgement and knowledge, that a nurse performs to enhance
patient/client outcomes. Activities are a part of the interventions and are very helpful for teaching of the
intervention and for implementation of delivery of the intervention.
What component of the OPT Model uses the Interventions and activities? - ✔✔The Decision-Making
component of the OPT (Outcome-Present State-Test) model involves selecting and implementing the
specific nursing interventions and activities.
How does starting with a nursing diagnosis from the NANDA-I book help you locate useful
Outcomes/Indicators and Interventions/Activities in the NOC and NIC books? - ✔✔Nursing diagnoses
are used to identify outcomes of care and then, using the identified outcomes, plan nursing-specific
interventions sequentially.
How are the Implementation phase and nurse competency related? - ✔✔A competency is an expected
level of performance that integrates knowledge, skills, abilities, and judgement. A nurse must be
competent to have the knowledge, skills, abilities, and judgement in order to carry out the
implementation phase. When a registered nurse delegates care to others, it is important to check the
results for themselves. Doing this helps keep patients safe, protects the nurse from legal liability, and
promotes good care.
What does a Registered Nurse need to know about delegating care to others? - ✔✔The nurse needs to
know the five rights: Delegate the right task, in the right situation, to the right worker, with the right
direction and communication, and the right teaching, supervision, and evaluation. The four steps of
delegation are to assess and plan; communicate clearly, concisely, and completely; ensure surveillance
and supervision; and evaluate and give feedback. When delegating, it is very important to delegate tasks
to workers who are suitable and competent for the task delegated.
EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
How is thinking/reasoning important for nursing practice? - ✔✔Thinking/reasoning is important for
nursing practice as it promotes safe, effective care at the bedside. It makes the difference between
keeping patient's safe and putting them in harm's way.
What are differences between ordinary everyday critical thinking and clinical reasoning? How does
clinical judgment relate to critical thinking/clinical reasoning? - ✔✔Everyday critical thinking differs
from clinical reasoning in that clinical reasoning takes into account the nursing process and is about
thinking through the scope of the nursing process to make decisions. Clinical reasoning is a specific term
that refers to the assessment and management of patient problems at the point of care- for example,
applying nursing process at the bedside. For reasoning about other clinical issues such as promoting
teamwork and streamlining work flow, nurses usually use the term critical thinking. Critical thinking is a
broad term that includes clinical reasoning.
How is reflection useful? - ✔✔By reflecting on your thinking/reasoning, you can determine how you
could improve for next time, as well as giving yourself an opportunity to recognize any personal biases
that played a role in your decision-making. When coordinating care, remember the importance of
thinking ahead, thinking in action, and thinking back (reflecting) during implementation. Thinking back
consists of reflecting on your thinking to decide what you can learn from what happened, what
influenced your thinking, and what you can do better next time- this usually requires dialogue with
others or journaling to make your thoughts explicit.
What does the book, Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice (ANA) have to say about the nursing
process? - ✔✔The Standards of Practice describe a competent level of nursing care as demonstrated by
the critical thinking model known as the nursing process. The nursing process includes the components
of assessment, diagnosis, outcomes identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation. The
nursing process encompasses significant actions taken by registered nurses and forms the foundation of
the nurse's decision making.
How does the nursing process relate to clinical reasoning - ✔✔The nursing process promotes safe,
effective reasoning because it is a purposeful, organized, systematic, humanistic, dynamic cycle. It forces
the nurse to be proactive, make evidence-based decisions, have outcome-focused and cost-effective
results, be intuitive and logical, and be reflective, creative, and improvement-oriented. It also ensures
that results will be recorded in a standard way.
What are the steps in the nursing process? - ✔✔The five steps in the nursing process are assessment,
diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
What kinds of data are collected during the Assessment phase? - ✔✔Pertinent data is collected during
the Assessment phase that includes but is not limited to demographics, social determinants of health,
health disparities, and physical, functional, psychosocial, emotional, cognitive, sexual, cultural, age-
relate, environmental, spiritual/transpersonal, and economic assessments in a systematic, ongoing
, process with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and unique attributes of every
person.
What is the purpose of clustering the data (cues) using a clinical reasoning web? - ✔✔Clustering the
data (cues) using a clinical reasoning web allows one to see how the data groups together to form
patterns, which can give the nurse a picture of what might be happening and lead to a more accurate
nursing diagnosis.
When nurses carry out the planning phase, what are they actually planning? - ✔✔The planning phase is
to clarify expected outcomes (results), set priorities, and determine interventions (nursing actions). The
interventions are designed to: (1) detect, prevent, and manage health problems and risk factors, (2)
promote optimum function, independence, and sense of well-being, (3) achieve the expected outcomes
safely and efficiently.
How are the 7 domains of the NIC taxonomy organized? - ✔✔The 554 interventions in NIC have been
organized into 7 domains and 30 classes. Each of the 7 domains (numbered 1 through 7) contain classes
(assigned alphabetical letters, A to Z, a,b,c,d) or groups of related interventions ( each with a unique
code of four numbers) that are at the third level of the taxonomy
What is the difference between Interventions and activities? - ✔✔An intervention is defined as any
treatment, based upon clinical judgement and knowledge, that a nurse performs to enhance
patient/client outcomes. Activities are a part of the interventions and are very helpful for teaching of the
intervention and for implementation of delivery of the intervention.
What component of the OPT Model uses the Interventions and activities? - ✔✔The Decision-Making
component of the OPT (Outcome-Present State-Test) model involves selecting and implementing the
specific nursing interventions and activities.
How does starting with a nursing diagnosis from the NANDA-I book help you locate useful
Outcomes/Indicators and Interventions/Activities in the NOC and NIC books? - ✔✔Nursing diagnoses
are used to identify outcomes of care and then, using the identified outcomes, plan nursing-specific
interventions sequentially.
How are the Implementation phase and nurse competency related? - ✔✔A competency is an expected
level of performance that integrates knowledge, skills, abilities, and judgement. A nurse must be
competent to have the knowledge, skills, abilities, and judgement in order to carry out the
implementation phase. When a registered nurse delegates care to others, it is important to check the
results for themselves. Doing this helps keep patients safe, protects the nurse from legal liability, and
promotes good care.
What does a Registered Nurse need to know about delegating care to others? - ✔✔The nurse needs to
know the five rights: Delegate the right task, in the right situation, to the right worker, with the right
direction and communication, and the right teaching, supervision, and evaluation. The four steps of
delegation are to assess and plan; communicate clearly, concisely, and completely; ensure surveillance
and supervision; and evaluate and give feedback. When delegating, it is very important to delegate tasks
to workers who are suitable and competent for the task delegated.
