TRU OL BIO 1593| BIO1593 FINAL EXAM TAKERS -
Comprehensive Summary of Anatomy & Physiology I 2026
update Thompson Rivers University
BIOL 1593
Module 1: An Introduction to the Human Body
Objective 1: Define anatomy and physiology.
Anatomy: the study of structure and the relationships among structures
Physiology: the study of how the body structure’s function
Objective 2: Describe the different levels of organization in the
human body
1. Chemical Level:
- Atoms and molecules
2. Cellular Level:
- Basic structural and functional unit of organism
3. Tissues Level:
- Group of similarly specialized cells
- Performs certain special functions
4. Organ Level:
- Structures of definite form that have specific functions and
composed of 2 tissues
5. Systems Level:
- Related organs that have common function
6. Organism Level
- Collection of structurally and functionally integrated systems
,Objective 3: List and describe the major body systems, and state the
general function of each
Need more detail
System Components Functions
Integumentary Hair, skin, nails, sweat, Helps regulate body
system glands temperature
Protects the body
Eliminates some wastes
Helps make vitamin D
Detects sensations:
touch, pressure, pain,
warmth, cold
Stores fat
Provides insulation
Skeletal System Cartilage, bones, joints Supports and protects
the body
Provides specific area
of muscle
attachment
Assists with body
movements
Stores cells that
produce blood cells
Stores minerals and
lipids
Muscular System Skeletal muscles, Participates in body
tendons movements
Maintains posture
Produces heat
Nervous System Brain, spinal cord, Regulates body
peripheral nerves, activities through nerve
sense organs: eyes, impulses by detecting
ears changes in the
environment
Interpreting the
changes
Responding to changes
by bringing about
muscular contractions
or glandular
secretions
,Endocrine System Pituitary gland, Secretes hormones into
pancreas, adrenal blood, regulates body
glands, testes, ovaries metabolic processes
Regulates body
activities through
hormones transported
by the blood to various
target organs
Cardiovascular Heart and blood Delivers oxygen and
System vessels, blood nutrients to tissue,
maintain body
temperature.
Heart pumps blood
through blood vessels
Blood carries oxygen
and nutrients to cells
and carbon dioxide and
wastes from cells
Lymphatic System Lymph (lymphatic Returns fluid to blood,
fluid), defends against
lymphatic vessels, pathogen
spleen, Return proteins and
thymus, lymph nodes, fluid to blood
tonsils (B, T cells) Carries lipids from
gastrointestinal tract to
blood
Contains sites of
maturation and
proliferation of B and T
cells
Respiratory System Nasal passage, trachea, Transfers oxygen from
lungs, pharynx, larynx, inhaled air to blood
trachea, bronchial and carbon dioxide
tubes from blood to exhaled
air
Helps regulate acidity
of body fluids, air
flowing out of lungs
through vocal cords
produce sounds
, Digestive System Mouth, pharynx, Physical and chemical
esophagus, breakdown of food
stomach, small and Absorbs nutrients
large Eliminates solid wastes
intestines, rectum,
anus,
accessory organs:
salivary
glands, liver, gall
bladder,
pancreas
Urinary System Kidneys, urinary Produces, stores, and
bladder, ureters, eliminates urine
urethra Eliminates wastes and
regulates volume
and chemical
composition of blood
Helps regulate acid-
base balance of body
fluids
Maintains body’s
mineral balance
Helps regulate red
blood cell production
Reproductive System Man Gonads produce
Epididymis, testes gametes (sperm or
Woman oocytes) that unite to
Mammary glands, form a new organism
ovaries, uterus and release hormones
Gonads (testes or that regulate
ovaries), associated reproduction and other
organs: epididymis, body processes
ductus deferens, penis, Associated organs
or uterine tubes, transport and store
uterus, mammary gametes
glands, vagina Mammary glands
produce milk in females
Comprehensive Summary of Anatomy & Physiology I 2026
update Thompson Rivers University
BIOL 1593
Module 1: An Introduction to the Human Body
Objective 1: Define anatomy and physiology.
Anatomy: the study of structure and the relationships among structures
Physiology: the study of how the body structure’s function
Objective 2: Describe the different levels of organization in the
human body
1. Chemical Level:
- Atoms and molecules
2. Cellular Level:
- Basic structural and functional unit of organism
3. Tissues Level:
- Group of similarly specialized cells
- Performs certain special functions
4. Organ Level:
- Structures of definite form that have specific functions and
composed of 2 tissues
5. Systems Level:
- Related organs that have common function
6. Organism Level
- Collection of structurally and functionally integrated systems
,Objective 3: List and describe the major body systems, and state the
general function of each
Need more detail
System Components Functions
Integumentary Hair, skin, nails, sweat, Helps regulate body
system glands temperature
Protects the body
Eliminates some wastes
Helps make vitamin D
Detects sensations:
touch, pressure, pain,
warmth, cold
Stores fat
Provides insulation
Skeletal System Cartilage, bones, joints Supports and protects
the body
Provides specific area
of muscle
attachment
Assists with body
movements
Stores cells that
produce blood cells
Stores minerals and
lipids
Muscular System Skeletal muscles, Participates in body
tendons movements
Maintains posture
Produces heat
Nervous System Brain, spinal cord, Regulates body
peripheral nerves, activities through nerve
sense organs: eyes, impulses by detecting
ears changes in the
environment
Interpreting the
changes
Responding to changes
by bringing about
muscular contractions
or glandular
secretions
,Endocrine System Pituitary gland, Secretes hormones into
pancreas, adrenal blood, regulates body
glands, testes, ovaries metabolic processes
Regulates body
activities through
hormones transported
by the blood to various
target organs
Cardiovascular Heart and blood Delivers oxygen and
System vessels, blood nutrients to tissue,
maintain body
temperature.
Heart pumps blood
through blood vessels
Blood carries oxygen
and nutrients to cells
and carbon dioxide and
wastes from cells
Lymphatic System Lymph (lymphatic Returns fluid to blood,
fluid), defends against
lymphatic vessels, pathogen
spleen, Return proteins and
thymus, lymph nodes, fluid to blood
tonsils (B, T cells) Carries lipids from
gastrointestinal tract to
blood
Contains sites of
maturation and
proliferation of B and T
cells
Respiratory System Nasal passage, trachea, Transfers oxygen from
lungs, pharynx, larynx, inhaled air to blood
trachea, bronchial and carbon dioxide
tubes from blood to exhaled
air
Helps regulate acidity
of body fluids, air
flowing out of lungs
through vocal cords
produce sounds
, Digestive System Mouth, pharynx, Physical and chemical
esophagus, breakdown of food
stomach, small and Absorbs nutrients
large Eliminates solid wastes
intestines, rectum,
anus,
accessory organs:
salivary
glands, liver, gall
bladder,
pancreas
Urinary System Kidneys, urinary Produces, stores, and
bladder, ureters, eliminates urine
urethra Eliminates wastes and
regulates volume
and chemical
composition of blood
Helps regulate acid-
base balance of body
fluids
Maintains body’s
mineral balance
Helps regulate red
blood cell production
Reproductive System Man Gonads produce
Epididymis, testes gametes (sperm or
Woman oocytes) that unite to
Mammary glands, form a new organism
ovaries, uterus and release hormones
Gonads (testes or that regulate
ovaries), associated reproduction and other
organs: epididymis, body processes
ductus deferens, penis, Associated organs
or uterine tubes, transport and store
uterus, mammary gametes
glands, vagina Mammary glands
produce milk in females
