TEST BANK for A History of World Societies,
12th Edition by Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks
COMPLETE CHAPTERS 1-33| VERIFIED
EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
ALL ANSWERS ARE AT THE END OF EACH
CHAPTER
Ar
ch
Do
1
c
, Chapter 01: The Earliest Human Societies, to 2500 B.C.E.
Essay
Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that
support your thesis and conclusions.
1. What are some of the problems in using evidence from contemporary gatherer societies to study
early humans?
2. How did early Homo erectus spread out of East Africa into other parts of the world? Where did
they go, and how early did they reach those places?
3. What were the key features of Paleolithic food attainment and Paleolithic diets?
4. What are some of the theories about gender relationships in Paleolithic societies? What changed in
those relationships in the Neolithic period? What kinds of evidence are used in supporting or arguing
against these theories?
5. What is the relationship between pastoralism, disease, and humans?
6. How did material goods create, define, and perpetuate social hierarchies in Neolithic societies?
Answer Key
1. Answer would ideally include:
• Because the earliest humans did not leave behind written evidence, scientists have studied
more recent societies that lived by similar gathering means. However, most evidence about recent
gatherer societies was written by external sources and thus includes their biases and expectations,
such as the inferiority of foraging as a lifestyle. Furthermore, few modern foragers or gatherers are
Ar
truly isolated from the influence of other agricultural or industrial cultures. Also, this approach
assumes that gatherer societies are somehow static and remain unchanged over many centuries,
ch
which ignores the evidence of how adaptable such societies really are.
Do
2
c
,2. Answer would ideally include:
• Homo erectus migrated out of East Africa into central Africa, and then into northern Africa.
This migration took place 2 million years ago. As early as 1.8 million years ago, Homo erectus had
spread to Asia, reaching China and Java by 1.5 million years ago. These migrations took place over
land, along coastline routes. Because sea levels were lower then, individuals could cross from the
mainland of China to Java on foot. Homo erectus also moved northward from Africa, into Spain by
800,000 years ago and into Germany 500,000 years ago. In each of these places, they adapted
hunting and gathering techniques to the local environment.
3. Answer would ideally include:
• The Paleolithic diet consisted of a combination of plants and animal protein. Paleolithic
peoples foraged for their food, engaging in what we would consider a combination of hunting,
scavenging, and gathering. Most of what they ate were plants. Animal protein often came from
scavenged foods like insects and shellfish rather than being hunted directly. It is unknown as to
whether labor was divided between genders, but in today's foraging societies, there is some division,
with men engaging in hunting large animals and women responsible for gathering plants and small
animals. It took between ten and twenty hours per week to gather food, but this number varied
depending on environmental factors and group decisions. Because Paleolithic peoples had to forage
for their diet, they expended energy and, in general, avoided diseases common in sedentary societies.
Life spans were kept in check by accidents, injuries, and infections.
4. Answer would ideally include:
• Studies of more recent foraging societies suggest that women were valued for their labor,
which was recognized as equal to the work of men. Both men and women foraged for food, and both
participated in hunting. Other scholars theorize that even in Paleolithic society one person may have
emerged as a leader, perhaps based on personal skill, and that this person was almost always a man.
It is more certain that by the Neolithic period, after the invention of plow agriculture, society became
more hierarchical and men took on more of a public, elite status. Women were limited to the home or
enclosed spaces, and land inheritance favored men over women. Evidence for gender roles in the
Neolithic period comes from later written traditions.
5. Answer would ideally include:
• Pastoralism is the herding and raising of livestock. It requires humans to live in close contact
with their herd animals, thus exposing humans to various animal-borne diseases, such as smallpox.
Ar
Initially, exposure to diseases may have caused higher mortality rates in pastoralist societies, but over
time, humans would have developed some resistance to them. Foragers were not exposed to these
ch
Do
3
c
, diseases and thus did not develop any resistance to them. When a pastoralist society encountered a
forager society, this might have led the former to expose the latter to deadly pathogens.
6. Answer would ideally include:
• The possession of material goods—such as livestock, dwelling structures, plows, carts, and
pots—indicated that some individuals had control over more labor. Labor was used to acquire
material goods. The more material goods one had, the more labor one controlled. This indicated
status; to control labor was to have a higher status than others. Having material goods gave one the
ability to acquire yet more material goods and to continue to acquire status. Material goods, along
with land, could also constitute an inheritance, and thus perpetuate status into the next generation.
Chapter 01_Matching
Use the following to answer questions 1-15:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example
provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
a. pastoralism
b. Neanderthals
c. division of labor
d. animism
e. social hierarchies
f. patriarchy
g. Paleolithic era
h. Agricultural Revolution
g. foraging
h. shamans
i. Neolithic era
j. hominids
k. horticulture
Ar
l. megafaunal extinction
ch
m. domesticated
Do
4
c
12th Edition by Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks
COMPLETE CHAPTERS 1-33| VERIFIED
EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
ALL ANSWERS ARE AT THE END OF EACH
CHAPTER
Ar
ch
Do
1
c
, Chapter 01: The Earliest Human Societies, to 2500 B.C.E.
Essay
Answer each of the following questions with an essay. Be sure to include specific examples that
support your thesis and conclusions.
1. What are some of the problems in using evidence from contemporary gatherer societies to study
early humans?
2. How did early Homo erectus spread out of East Africa into other parts of the world? Where did
they go, and how early did they reach those places?
3. What were the key features of Paleolithic food attainment and Paleolithic diets?
4. What are some of the theories about gender relationships in Paleolithic societies? What changed in
those relationships in the Neolithic period? What kinds of evidence are used in supporting or arguing
against these theories?
5. What is the relationship between pastoralism, disease, and humans?
6. How did material goods create, define, and perpetuate social hierarchies in Neolithic societies?
Answer Key
1. Answer would ideally include:
• Because the earliest humans did not leave behind written evidence, scientists have studied
more recent societies that lived by similar gathering means. However, most evidence about recent
gatherer societies was written by external sources and thus includes their biases and expectations,
such as the inferiority of foraging as a lifestyle. Furthermore, few modern foragers or gatherers are
Ar
truly isolated from the influence of other agricultural or industrial cultures. Also, this approach
assumes that gatherer societies are somehow static and remain unchanged over many centuries,
ch
which ignores the evidence of how adaptable such societies really are.
Do
2
c
,2. Answer would ideally include:
• Homo erectus migrated out of East Africa into central Africa, and then into northern Africa.
This migration took place 2 million years ago. As early as 1.8 million years ago, Homo erectus had
spread to Asia, reaching China and Java by 1.5 million years ago. These migrations took place over
land, along coastline routes. Because sea levels were lower then, individuals could cross from the
mainland of China to Java on foot. Homo erectus also moved northward from Africa, into Spain by
800,000 years ago and into Germany 500,000 years ago. In each of these places, they adapted
hunting and gathering techniques to the local environment.
3. Answer would ideally include:
• The Paleolithic diet consisted of a combination of plants and animal protein. Paleolithic
peoples foraged for their food, engaging in what we would consider a combination of hunting,
scavenging, and gathering. Most of what they ate were plants. Animal protein often came from
scavenged foods like insects and shellfish rather than being hunted directly. It is unknown as to
whether labor was divided between genders, but in today's foraging societies, there is some division,
with men engaging in hunting large animals and women responsible for gathering plants and small
animals. It took between ten and twenty hours per week to gather food, but this number varied
depending on environmental factors and group decisions. Because Paleolithic peoples had to forage
for their diet, they expended energy and, in general, avoided diseases common in sedentary societies.
Life spans were kept in check by accidents, injuries, and infections.
4. Answer would ideally include:
• Studies of more recent foraging societies suggest that women were valued for their labor,
which was recognized as equal to the work of men. Both men and women foraged for food, and both
participated in hunting. Other scholars theorize that even in Paleolithic society one person may have
emerged as a leader, perhaps based on personal skill, and that this person was almost always a man.
It is more certain that by the Neolithic period, after the invention of plow agriculture, society became
more hierarchical and men took on more of a public, elite status. Women were limited to the home or
enclosed spaces, and land inheritance favored men over women. Evidence for gender roles in the
Neolithic period comes from later written traditions.
5. Answer would ideally include:
• Pastoralism is the herding and raising of livestock. It requires humans to live in close contact
with their herd animals, thus exposing humans to various animal-borne diseases, such as smallpox.
Ar
Initially, exposure to diseases may have caused higher mortality rates in pastoralist societies, but over
time, humans would have developed some resistance to them. Foragers were not exposed to these
ch
Do
3
c
, diseases and thus did not develop any resistance to them. When a pastoralist society encountered a
forager society, this might have led the former to expose the latter to deadly pathogens.
6. Answer would ideally include:
• The possession of material goods—such as livestock, dwelling structures, plows, carts, and
pots—indicated that some individuals had control over more labor. Labor was used to acquire
material goods. The more material goods one had, the more labor one controlled. This indicated
status; to control labor was to have a higher status than others. Having material goods gave one the
ability to acquire yet more material goods and to continue to acquire status. Material goods, along
with land, could also constitute an inheritance, and thus perpetuate status into the next generation.
Chapter 01_Matching
Use the following to answer questions 1-15:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example
provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
a. pastoralism
b. Neanderthals
c. division of labor
d. animism
e. social hierarchies
f. patriarchy
g. Paleolithic era
h. Agricultural Revolution
g. foraging
h. shamans
i. Neolithic era
j. hominids
k. horticulture
Ar
l. megafaunal extinction
ch
m. domesticated
Do
4
c
