IPHY 3430 Final Exam Questions and
All Correct Answers 2026 Updated.
Amylase - Answer Enzyme that turns complex carbs into maltose, sucrose, and lactose
What is the least digestible amino acid? - Answer Plant protein
What is the most digestible amino acid? - Answer Egg protein; 85-90% is absorbed
Pepsin - Answer Enzyme secreted in stomach and denatured in small intestine
Endopeptidases/proteases - Answer Pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin; break large
polypeptide into smaller strands
Exopeptidases - Answer Carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase; cleave off individual amino acids
What is the dominant source of fat in the diet? - Answer Triglycerides (90%)
Why are fats difficult to digest? - Answer Not water soluble
Absorbable units of fats - Answer Monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Lipase - Answer Secreted in mouth, stomach, and pancreas; removes 2 fatty acid chains
Colipase - Answer Secreted by pancreas into small intestine to digest fats
Steps for digestion and absorption of fats - Answer 1. Bile salts from liver coat fat droplets
2. Pancreatic lipase and colipase break down fats into monoglycerides and fatty acids stored in
micelles
3.a Monoglycerides and fatty acids move out of micelles and enter cells by diffusion
3.b Cholesterol is transported into cells by a membrane transporter
4. Absorbed fats combine with cholesterol and proteins in the intestinal cells to form
chylomicrons (triglyceride is rebuilt and combined with cholesterol and protein)
5. Chylomicrons are released into the lymphatic system
, Why are chylomicrons not released directly into blood? - Answer Chylomicrons are too large
to enter capillaries
Mucus-bicarbonate barrier - Answer Protects gastric mucosa; mucus is a physical barrier and
bicarbonate solution is a chemical barrier (neutralizes acid)
Why do peptic ulcers occur? - Answer Mucus-bicarbonate barrier is insufficient in protecting
against acid
What are causes of peptic ulcers? - Answer Increased acid secretion (Zollinger-Ellison
syndrome) and NSAIDs
What are treatments for peptic ulcers? - Answer Antacids (least aggressive), H2-receptor
antagonist, and H+ pump inhibitors
Internal anal sphincter - Answer Smooth muscle, no voluntary control
External anal sphincter - Answer Skeletal muscle, voluntary control (except as infant)
Anabolic pathways - Answer Build large molecules
Catabolic pathways - Answer Break down large molecules
Two states of metabolism - Answer Absorptive (fed) is anabolic and post-absorptive (fasted) is
catabolic
Direct calorimetry - Answer Measures the energy content of food; quantifies energy into
calories; can also be used to measure metabolic rate
Calorie - Answer Amount of energy needed to heat 1 gram of water by 1 degree C
Indirect calorimetry - Answer Relies on stoichiometry (relationship between substances used
in the body and resulting products); heat produced is measured in kilocalories
Glycogenolysis - Answer Conversion of glycogen to glucose or glucose 6-phosphate
Glycogen - Answer Storage form of glucose in liver and skeletal muscle
All Correct Answers 2026 Updated.
Amylase - Answer Enzyme that turns complex carbs into maltose, sucrose, and lactose
What is the least digestible amino acid? - Answer Plant protein
What is the most digestible amino acid? - Answer Egg protein; 85-90% is absorbed
Pepsin - Answer Enzyme secreted in stomach and denatured in small intestine
Endopeptidases/proteases - Answer Pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin; break large
polypeptide into smaller strands
Exopeptidases - Answer Carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase; cleave off individual amino acids
What is the dominant source of fat in the diet? - Answer Triglycerides (90%)
Why are fats difficult to digest? - Answer Not water soluble
Absorbable units of fats - Answer Monoglycerides and free fatty acids
Lipase - Answer Secreted in mouth, stomach, and pancreas; removes 2 fatty acid chains
Colipase - Answer Secreted by pancreas into small intestine to digest fats
Steps for digestion and absorption of fats - Answer 1. Bile salts from liver coat fat droplets
2. Pancreatic lipase and colipase break down fats into monoglycerides and fatty acids stored in
micelles
3.a Monoglycerides and fatty acids move out of micelles and enter cells by diffusion
3.b Cholesterol is transported into cells by a membrane transporter
4. Absorbed fats combine with cholesterol and proteins in the intestinal cells to form
chylomicrons (triglyceride is rebuilt and combined with cholesterol and protein)
5. Chylomicrons are released into the lymphatic system
, Why are chylomicrons not released directly into blood? - Answer Chylomicrons are too large
to enter capillaries
Mucus-bicarbonate barrier - Answer Protects gastric mucosa; mucus is a physical barrier and
bicarbonate solution is a chemical barrier (neutralizes acid)
Why do peptic ulcers occur? - Answer Mucus-bicarbonate barrier is insufficient in protecting
against acid
What are causes of peptic ulcers? - Answer Increased acid secretion (Zollinger-Ellison
syndrome) and NSAIDs
What are treatments for peptic ulcers? - Answer Antacids (least aggressive), H2-receptor
antagonist, and H+ pump inhibitors
Internal anal sphincter - Answer Smooth muscle, no voluntary control
External anal sphincter - Answer Skeletal muscle, voluntary control (except as infant)
Anabolic pathways - Answer Build large molecules
Catabolic pathways - Answer Break down large molecules
Two states of metabolism - Answer Absorptive (fed) is anabolic and post-absorptive (fasted) is
catabolic
Direct calorimetry - Answer Measures the energy content of food; quantifies energy into
calories; can also be used to measure metabolic rate
Calorie - Answer Amount of energy needed to heat 1 gram of water by 1 degree C
Indirect calorimetry - Answer Relies on stoichiometry (relationship between substances used
in the body and resulting products); heat produced is measured in kilocalories
Glycogenolysis - Answer Conversion of glycogen to glucose or glucose 6-phosphate
Glycogen - Answer Storage form of glucose in liver and skeletal muscle
