ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy
Certificate Exam Questions and Answers
1. Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage:
2. Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function:
3. The Normal Cell Cycle: -The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes of DNA
replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes molecular information
4. Interphase and Mitotic Phase: Cell division produces two identical cells through
these two major phases
5. During interphase:: Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following
three steps: 1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
6. First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap): -cells increase in size
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,-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
7. Synthesis Phase (S phase): -DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
8. Mitotic Phase (M phase): -Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and move
into 2 new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
9. Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from: -G1 checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
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,-M phase
10. Restriction Point: -The transition from the resting phase into an actively dividing
phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send the cells past the
restriction point, or the point of no return
11. G0 Phase (resting phase): -After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1 phase or
go into a resting
phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
12. -Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase): -
Exceptions to this are those that are metabollically active, such as
-granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
13. Cell Cycling Time: Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
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, 14. Cell cycle video and image:
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/stu-dent_view0/chapter2/
animation how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
15. Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control: -The cell
cycle is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can alter the genetic
information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through mitosis
16. Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two
proteins:: 1. cyclines (D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell cycle
17. Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs: -(G0-G1) : Cyclin
D and CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
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Certificate Exam Questions and Answers
1. Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage:
2. Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function:
3. The Normal Cell Cycle: -The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes of DNA
replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes molecular information
4. Interphase and Mitotic Phase: Cell division produces two identical cells through
these two major phases
5. During interphase:: Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following
three steps: 1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
6. First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap): -cells increase in size
1/
40
,-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
7. Synthesis Phase (S phase): -DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
8. Mitotic Phase (M phase): -Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and move
into 2 new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
9. Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from: -G1 checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
2/
40
,-M phase
10. Restriction Point: -The transition from the resting phase into an actively dividing
phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send the cells past the
restriction point, or the point of no return
11. G0 Phase (resting phase): -After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1 phase or
go into a resting
phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
12. -Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase): -
Exceptions to this are those that are metabollically active, such as
-granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
13. Cell Cycling Time: Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
3/
40
, 14. Cell cycle video and image:
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/stu-dent_view0/chapter2/
animation how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
15. Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control: -The cell
cycle is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can alter the genetic
information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through mitosis
16. Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two
proteins:: 1. cyclines (D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell cycle
17. Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs: -(G0-G1) : Cyclin
D and CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
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40
