NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology UTA
Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Exams
Includes Frequently Tested Questions With ELABORATED
100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
1. Atrophy - Correct Answer: E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles,
reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use,
blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
2. Hyperplasia - Correct Answer: E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell
division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or
partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased
hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth
factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine
or mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
3. Dysplasia - Correct Answer: E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal
change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth.
aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
, Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear,
breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the
cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
4. Metaplasia - Correct Answer: E: reversible change, one type of cell
changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury,
or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a
reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth
factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or
normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by
stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal
squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka
intestinal metaplasia
5. Hypoxia injury - Correct Answer: E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
6. Free radical and ROS - Correct Answer: E. normal byproduct of ATP
production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular
antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
,7. Ethanol - Correct Answer: E. mood altering drug, long term effects on
liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
8. Oncosis - Correct Answer: Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling.
Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with
high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
9. Fatty Infiltration - Correct Answer: intracellular accumulation of lipids in
the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to
cirrhosis
10.Dystrophic calcification - Correct Answer: accumulation of Ca in dead or
dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and
function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
11.Metastatic calcification - Correct Answer: accumulation of Ca in normal
tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic
levels of Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
, 12.Urate accumulation - Correct Answer: sodium urate crystals are
deposited in tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute
arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
13.Coagulative Necrosis - Correct Answer: kidneys, heart, adrenals-
secondary to hypoxia
14.Liquefactive Necrosis - Correct Answer: nerve cells- brain- accumulation
of pus
15.Caseous Necrosis - Correct Answer: lung disease- usually TB- tissue
looks like clumped cheese
16.Fat Necrosis - Correct Answer: breast, pancreas, abdominal structures-
creates soaps
17.Gangrenous Necrosis - Correct Answer: Dry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
18.Gout - Correct Answer: E. disturbances in serum urate levels.
uncommon for < 30 years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in cream
sauces, red wine, or red meat
Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Exams
Includes Frequently Tested Questions With ELABORATED
100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
1. Atrophy - Correct Answer: E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles,
reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use,
blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
2. Hyperplasia - Correct Answer: E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell
division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or
partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased
hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth
factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine
or mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
3. Dysplasia - Correct Answer: E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal
change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth.
aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
, Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear,
breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the
cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
4. Metaplasia - Correct Answer: E: reversible change, one type of cell
changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury,
or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a
reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth
factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or
normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by
stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal
squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka
intestinal metaplasia
5. Hypoxia injury - Correct Answer: E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
6. Free radical and ROS - Correct Answer: E. normal byproduct of ATP
production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular
antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
,7. Ethanol - Correct Answer: E. mood altering drug, long term effects on
liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
8. Oncosis - Correct Answer: Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling.
Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with
high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
9. Fatty Infiltration - Correct Answer: intracellular accumulation of lipids in
the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to
cirrhosis
10.Dystrophic calcification - Correct Answer: accumulation of Ca in dead or
dying tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and
function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
11.Metastatic calcification - Correct Answer: accumulation of Ca in normal
tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic
levels of Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
, 12.Urate accumulation - Correct Answer: sodium urate crystals are
deposited in tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute
arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
13.Coagulative Necrosis - Correct Answer: kidneys, heart, adrenals-
secondary to hypoxia
14.Liquefactive Necrosis - Correct Answer: nerve cells- brain- accumulation
of pus
15.Caseous Necrosis - Correct Answer: lung disease- usually TB- tissue
looks like clumped cheese
16.Fat Necrosis - Correct Answer: breast, pancreas, abdominal structures-
creates soaps
17.Gangrenous Necrosis - Correct Answer: Dry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
18.Gout - Correct Answer: E. disturbances in serum urate levels.
uncommon for < 30 years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in cream
sauces, red wine, or red meat
