COUC 515 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Anita Knight: Chapter 1
Scientist Practitioners - Answers - Mental health professionals who are expected to
apply scientific methods to their work. They must keep current in the latest research on
diagnosis and treatment, they must evaluate their own methods for effectiveness, and
they may generate their own research to discover new knowledge of disorders and their
treatment.
Scientist practitioners are aware of EST - Answers - empirically supported treatments
(EST's) - gold standard
scientist-practitioner model is aka - Answers - Boulder Model
Empirically supported treatments are based on - Answers - clinical research that
produces evidence of their efficacy
Examples of scientist Practitioners - Answers - Dr. Gottman and Dr. Everett Worthington
What is Research? - Answers - empirical investigation of the relationship between two
or more variable
What is Descriptive methods? - Answers - Describe the population that is under
investigation
What is Qualitative research? - Answers - The narrative behind the numbers. A
systematic, subjective approach to research that is used to describe life experiences
and situations and give them meaning.
What are Correlational studies? - Answers - Popular among social scientists. They use
statistical calculations to measure the degree and direction of relationship that variables
have with one another. The includes both positive and negative relationships.
What does Experimental designs include? - Answers - Involves an IV as well as a DV.
The researcher manipulates the IV and evaluates its impact on the DV. May involve the
use of a particular treatment such as CBT
Critical thinking - Answers - Researches use critical thinking skills to determine the
research topic—these skills are most commonly known as "Bloom's Taxonomy of
Higher Order Thinking Skills
,What are some changes to bloom's skills? - Answers - changing the terms from nouns
to verbs. Changing the term synthesizing, which reflected the concept of taking new
information and combining it with existing info, was replaced by the term creating, which
reflects making meaning out of findings
What are Bloom's Taxonomy of Higher Order skills? - Answers - 1 remembering, 2
understanding, 3 applying, 4 analyzing, 5 evaluatin, 5 creating (bottom to top of
pyramid)
systematic empiricism - Answers - using observation to draw conclusions in a
systematic, orderly manner
What is the best way to learn about research methods? - Answers - Writing a research
proposal
The purpose behind creating a research proposal is to address an issue by: - Answers -
describing, predicting, or explaining.
What are the seven steps of literature research processes? - Answers - 1. identify a
topic
2. Background check
3. Tools
4. Learn database procedure
5. Effective search techniques
6. Read critically, synthesize, and evaluate
7. Write
What would a good research paper have in the introduction? - Answers - 1. What is the
significance of the problem and what is being done about it
2. What literature do we currently have?
3. What does all of this mean
4. Why should it be important to the reader?
5. Peer review
6. research questions
7. hypothesis
Sampling procedures: a sample is defined as - Answers - "a group that is selected to
represent the population" - p. 25
Importance of sampling? - Answers - sampling allows researchers to learn about a
population of interest without having to involve the entire population in the research
study
What are two sampling procedures? - Answers - i. Probability sample- each participant
has a change of being selected for the sample
,ii. Nonprobability sample- the probability of a participant being selected for the study is
unknown and it may be zero for some participants.
Probability sampling procedures include - Answers - 1. simple random- randomly
selects participants form the population of interest so that all participants have an equal
chance of being selected.
a. Example: N = 10 taken form a population of 100 means that everyone in the pop has
a 1% probability of being selected.
i. replacement
2. systematic random
a. making a list of everyone in the pop of interest. The first participant is randomly
selected and the rest are selected based on a predetermined interval of every eight
person, for example. P. 27
3. stratified
a. is used to ensure different strata, or categories, of the pop are equally represented in
the sample.
i. Ex: researchers taking a sample of N=40 from a high school may use stratified
random sampling to provide equal representation of freshman, sophonomres, juniors
and seniors.
4. Cluster
a. Used to reduce the costs of taking a sample and may result in a less representative
sample than simple random sampling.
i. Ex: researcher wants to sty high school students in a large city has has 25 high
schools. The researcher may choose 5 high schools to represent the city and then tak e
a simple random sample. Each high school student that is chosen is considered a
cluster.
5. multistage.
a. Is a form of cluster sample that uses a variety of methods. All members of the
selected clusters become the sample of participants for the study.
Nonprobability procedures include - Answers - . 1. Voluntary- self-explanatory in that the
sample is based on volunteering.
Convenience- often seen in counseling bc the sampling is made up of whomever is
convenience to sample.
Sample bias- - Answers - a sample that is different than the pop is reffered to as a
biased sample. this misrepresents the population and over or under emphasizes
aspects of the population.
Which sampling procedure is typically used? - Answers - Convenience samples are
typically used in social science research, not because it is the best sampling procedure,
but because it is more feasible.
Things to remember by Jacqueline Gatewood- "the six most important things to
remember in counseling ethics are: - Answers - : consult, consult, consult, document,
document, document
, Ethical standards in research history - Answers - 1. Nuremberg code- consists of 10
principles that were developed after the Nazi war trials where millions were killed and
abused in the name of research.
2. APA- American Psychological Association created its own code of ethics, not
American Counseling Association (ACA). P. 33
3. The six rules of counseling ethics are: consult, consult, consult, and document,
document, document. P. 34
two different techniques that invovles the participants not knowing something or
researcher not knowing something - Answers - a. Blind technique in which participant
do not know whether they are receiving treatment or not. P. 37
b. Double-blind technique- both researcher and participant are unaware of who is
receiving treatment.
What was the Milgram experiment? - Answers - random people assigned student and
teacher; teacher applies an electric shock to student if they get the answer wrong
What is Validity? - Answers - content and criterion. the degree to which a test measures
what it says it measures. the peabody test said it measured intelligence. however, it
only tests receptive vocabulary, so that's not valid.
What is reliability? - Answers - the consistency with which the same event is repeatedly
measured. scores are consistent across repeated testing.
positivism approach - Answers - universal truth to be discovered by researchers
a. Galileo's study of the falling balls a the leaning tower of Pisa - recounted by his
student vicenzo Viviani.
What is postpositivism? - Answers - the approximation of truth can be pursued and
evaluated through inferential stats.
constructivist approach - Answers - personal truth is constructed via one's experiences.
Critical Theory - Answers - - the influence of social order of the construction of widely
accepted ideas rather than universal truths. a contemporary form of conflict theory that
criticizes many different systems and ideologies of domination and oppression
Not all research can be categorized as qualitative or quantitative -- Comer and Hultgren
(1989) suggest that there are three different modes of categorizing research - Answers -
1. Empirical/analytical
2. Interpretive
3. Critical approach
The Difference between qualitative and quantitative approach? - Answers - i. Sample
size. Qualitative: you may find a sample of six or seven to get to the point of data
Anita Knight: Chapter 1
Scientist Practitioners - Answers - Mental health professionals who are expected to
apply scientific methods to their work. They must keep current in the latest research on
diagnosis and treatment, they must evaluate their own methods for effectiveness, and
they may generate their own research to discover new knowledge of disorders and their
treatment.
Scientist practitioners are aware of EST - Answers - empirically supported treatments
(EST's) - gold standard
scientist-practitioner model is aka - Answers - Boulder Model
Empirically supported treatments are based on - Answers - clinical research that
produces evidence of their efficacy
Examples of scientist Practitioners - Answers - Dr. Gottman and Dr. Everett Worthington
What is Research? - Answers - empirical investigation of the relationship between two
or more variable
What is Descriptive methods? - Answers - Describe the population that is under
investigation
What is Qualitative research? - Answers - The narrative behind the numbers. A
systematic, subjective approach to research that is used to describe life experiences
and situations and give them meaning.
What are Correlational studies? - Answers - Popular among social scientists. They use
statistical calculations to measure the degree and direction of relationship that variables
have with one another. The includes both positive and negative relationships.
What does Experimental designs include? - Answers - Involves an IV as well as a DV.
The researcher manipulates the IV and evaluates its impact on the DV. May involve the
use of a particular treatment such as CBT
Critical thinking - Answers - Researches use critical thinking skills to determine the
research topic—these skills are most commonly known as "Bloom's Taxonomy of
Higher Order Thinking Skills
,What are some changes to bloom's skills? - Answers - changing the terms from nouns
to verbs. Changing the term synthesizing, which reflected the concept of taking new
information and combining it with existing info, was replaced by the term creating, which
reflects making meaning out of findings
What are Bloom's Taxonomy of Higher Order skills? - Answers - 1 remembering, 2
understanding, 3 applying, 4 analyzing, 5 evaluatin, 5 creating (bottom to top of
pyramid)
systematic empiricism - Answers - using observation to draw conclusions in a
systematic, orderly manner
What is the best way to learn about research methods? - Answers - Writing a research
proposal
The purpose behind creating a research proposal is to address an issue by: - Answers -
describing, predicting, or explaining.
What are the seven steps of literature research processes? - Answers - 1. identify a
topic
2. Background check
3. Tools
4. Learn database procedure
5. Effective search techniques
6. Read critically, synthesize, and evaluate
7. Write
What would a good research paper have in the introduction? - Answers - 1. What is the
significance of the problem and what is being done about it
2. What literature do we currently have?
3. What does all of this mean
4. Why should it be important to the reader?
5. Peer review
6. research questions
7. hypothesis
Sampling procedures: a sample is defined as - Answers - "a group that is selected to
represent the population" - p. 25
Importance of sampling? - Answers - sampling allows researchers to learn about a
population of interest without having to involve the entire population in the research
study
What are two sampling procedures? - Answers - i. Probability sample- each participant
has a change of being selected for the sample
,ii. Nonprobability sample- the probability of a participant being selected for the study is
unknown and it may be zero for some participants.
Probability sampling procedures include - Answers - 1. simple random- randomly
selects participants form the population of interest so that all participants have an equal
chance of being selected.
a. Example: N = 10 taken form a population of 100 means that everyone in the pop has
a 1% probability of being selected.
i. replacement
2. systematic random
a. making a list of everyone in the pop of interest. The first participant is randomly
selected and the rest are selected based on a predetermined interval of every eight
person, for example. P. 27
3. stratified
a. is used to ensure different strata, or categories, of the pop are equally represented in
the sample.
i. Ex: researchers taking a sample of N=40 from a high school may use stratified
random sampling to provide equal representation of freshman, sophonomres, juniors
and seniors.
4. Cluster
a. Used to reduce the costs of taking a sample and may result in a less representative
sample than simple random sampling.
i. Ex: researcher wants to sty high school students in a large city has has 25 high
schools. The researcher may choose 5 high schools to represent the city and then tak e
a simple random sample. Each high school student that is chosen is considered a
cluster.
5. multistage.
a. Is a form of cluster sample that uses a variety of methods. All members of the
selected clusters become the sample of participants for the study.
Nonprobability procedures include - Answers - . 1. Voluntary- self-explanatory in that the
sample is based on volunteering.
Convenience- often seen in counseling bc the sampling is made up of whomever is
convenience to sample.
Sample bias- - Answers - a sample that is different than the pop is reffered to as a
biased sample. this misrepresents the population and over or under emphasizes
aspects of the population.
Which sampling procedure is typically used? - Answers - Convenience samples are
typically used in social science research, not because it is the best sampling procedure,
but because it is more feasible.
Things to remember by Jacqueline Gatewood- "the six most important things to
remember in counseling ethics are: - Answers - : consult, consult, consult, document,
document, document
, Ethical standards in research history - Answers - 1. Nuremberg code- consists of 10
principles that were developed after the Nazi war trials where millions were killed and
abused in the name of research.
2. APA- American Psychological Association created its own code of ethics, not
American Counseling Association (ACA). P. 33
3. The six rules of counseling ethics are: consult, consult, consult, and document,
document, document. P. 34
two different techniques that invovles the participants not knowing something or
researcher not knowing something - Answers - a. Blind technique in which participant
do not know whether they are receiving treatment or not. P. 37
b. Double-blind technique- both researcher and participant are unaware of who is
receiving treatment.
What was the Milgram experiment? - Answers - random people assigned student and
teacher; teacher applies an electric shock to student if they get the answer wrong
What is Validity? - Answers - content and criterion. the degree to which a test measures
what it says it measures. the peabody test said it measured intelligence. however, it
only tests receptive vocabulary, so that's not valid.
What is reliability? - Answers - the consistency with which the same event is repeatedly
measured. scores are consistent across repeated testing.
positivism approach - Answers - universal truth to be discovered by researchers
a. Galileo's study of the falling balls a the leaning tower of Pisa - recounted by his
student vicenzo Viviani.
What is postpositivism? - Answers - the approximation of truth can be pursued and
evaluated through inferential stats.
constructivist approach - Answers - personal truth is constructed via one's experiences.
Critical Theory - Answers - - the influence of social order of the construction of widely
accepted ideas rather than universal truths. a contemporary form of conflict theory that
criticizes many different systems and ideologies of domination and oppression
Not all research can be categorized as qualitative or quantitative -- Comer and Hultgren
(1989) suggest that there are three different modes of categorizing research - Answers -
1. Empirical/analytical
2. Interpretive
3. Critical approach
The Difference between qualitative and quantitative approach? - Answers - i. Sample
size. Qualitative: you may find a sample of six or seven to get to the point of data
