Renal physiology
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jrn10w
1. Hyperchloraemic metabolic Normal
acidosis anion gap
2. In what type of overdose is Methanol or ethyl glycol
it useful to calculate the os-
molar gap?
3. Actual osmolality - Calculat- Osmolar gap
ed osmolality
4. Toxic breakdown product of Formic acid
methanol poisoning
5. Treatments for methanol Ethanol or fomepizole
poisoning
6. Ethylene glycol toxic break- Oxalic acid
down product
7. Renal effects of oxalic acid Causes acute tubular necrosis - binds to calcium to create oxylate
crystals. Also causes hypocalcaemia
8. Causes of normal anion gap Diarrhoea, RTA, hypoaldosteronism, treatment of ketoacidosis
metabolic acidosis
9. Causes of high anion gap Lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, AKI/CKD, hepatic failure
metabolic acidosis
10. Type of metabolic acidosis Mixed - via accumulation of hippuric acid and Type 1 RTA
caused by toluene (methyl-
benzene)
11. High Ca, metabolic acid + Milki-alkali syndrome
AKI
, Renal physiology
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jrn10w
12. Cause of milki-alkali syn- Calcium supplements/indigestion (worsened by co-administra-
drome tion of Vit D)
13. What electrolyte abnormal- Hypokalaemia (K+ out triggers H+ in)
ity causes metabolic alkalo-
sis?
14. Why does milk-alkali syn- Excess Ca consumption causing hypercalcaemia. This suppreses
drome cause metabolic al- PTH causing kidneys to retain bicarbonate
kalosis?
15. How does Cushing's syn- Cortisol overwhelms 11B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenese type 2.
drome cause metabolic al- Leads to less cortisol being inactivated. Excess cortisol binds to
kalosis? mineralocorticoid receptors in the kidney.
16. How does Primary Hyper- Aldosterone binds to mineralocorticoid receptors in the principal
aldosteronism cause meta- cells of the collecting ducts. This increases the activity of ENaC
bolic alkalosis? triggering massive H+ and K+ excretion via ATPase channels in
the intercalated cells in the collecting ducts.
17. What co-transporter do loop Na+/K+/2Cl- (NKCC2) in thick ascending limb of the loop of henle
diuretics work on?
18. Furosemide and Loop diuretics
bumetanide type of drug
19. Rogue side effect of loop di- Ototoxicity via altered endocochlear potential
uretics
20. How do loop diuretics Loss of Na and K+ impacts reduces the electrical gradient, pre-
cause hypomagnesaemia venting reabsorption
and hypocalcaemia?
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jrn10w
1. Hyperchloraemic metabolic Normal
acidosis anion gap
2. In what type of overdose is Methanol or ethyl glycol
it useful to calculate the os-
molar gap?
3. Actual osmolality - Calculat- Osmolar gap
ed osmolality
4. Toxic breakdown product of Formic acid
methanol poisoning
5. Treatments for methanol Ethanol or fomepizole
poisoning
6. Ethylene glycol toxic break- Oxalic acid
down product
7. Renal effects of oxalic acid Causes acute tubular necrosis - binds to calcium to create oxylate
crystals. Also causes hypocalcaemia
8. Causes of normal anion gap Diarrhoea, RTA, hypoaldosteronism, treatment of ketoacidosis
metabolic acidosis
9. Causes of high anion gap Lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, AKI/CKD, hepatic failure
metabolic acidosis
10. Type of metabolic acidosis Mixed - via accumulation of hippuric acid and Type 1 RTA
caused by toluene (methyl-
benzene)
11. High Ca, metabolic acid + Milki-alkali syndrome
AKI
, Renal physiology
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_jrn10w
12. Cause of milki-alkali syn- Calcium supplements/indigestion (worsened by co-administra-
drome tion of Vit D)
13. What electrolyte abnormal- Hypokalaemia (K+ out triggers H+ in)
ity causes metabolic alkalo-
sis?
14. Why does milk-alkali syn- Excess Ca consumption causing hypercalcaemia. This suppreses
drome cause metabolic al- PTH causing kidneys to retain bicarbonate
kalosis?
15. How does Cushing's syn- Cortisol overwhelms 11B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenese type 2.
drome cause metabolic al- Leads to less cortisol being inactivated. Excess cortisol binds to
kalosis? mineralocorticoid receptors in the kidney.
16. How does Primary Hyper- Aldosterone binds to mineralocorticoid receptors in the principal
aldosteronism cause meta- cells of the collecting ducts. This increases the activity of ENaC
bolic alkalosis? triggering massive H+ and K+ excretion via ATPase channels in
the intercalated cells in the collecting ducts.
17. What co-transporter do loop Na+/K+/2Cl- (NKCC2) in thick ascending limb of the loop of henle
diuretics work on?
18. Furosemide and Loop diuretics
bumetanide type of drug
19. Rogue side effect of loop di- Ototoxicity via altered endocochlear potential
uretics
20. How do loop diuretics Loss of Na and K+ impacts reduces the electrical gradient, pre-
cause hypomagnesaemia venting reabsorption
and hypocalcaemia?
