NR 507 Midterm Exam (2026) |
Chamberlain Pathophysiology (PDF)
Questions and Ansẉers with
rationales 2026\2027 update
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Which cellular adaptation occurs as a result of chronic increased
workload, leading to an increase in cell size?
A) Atrophy
B) Hypertrophy
C) Hyperplasia
D) Metaplasia
Answer: B) Hypertrophy. Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell
size due to increased workload (e.g., cardiac muscle in
hypertension). Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number, atrophy is
a decrease in size, and metaplasia is reversible cell replacement.
A biopsy report indicates "dysplasia." What does this finding
suggest?
A) An increase in the number of cells in an organ.
B) A change in cell shape, size, and organization indicating a
precancerous state.
C) A reversible replacement of one mature cell type with another.
D) Programmed cell death.
Answer: B) A change in cell shape, size, and organization indicating
a precancerous state. Rationale: Dysplasia is abnormal cell growth
characterized by changes in size, shape, and organization. It is
often a precursor to cancer (neoplasia), whereas metaplasia is a
reversible cell replacement.
Which type of necrosis is characterized by a firm, cheese-like
appearance and is commonly seen in tuberculosis infections?
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
,Answer: C) Caseous necrosis. Rationale: Caseous necrosis results in
a thick, yellowish, cheese-like appearance and is classically
associated with tuberculosis. Coagulative affects the heart/kidneys,
liquefactive affects the brain, and fat necrosis affects
pancreatic/breast tissue.
Apoptosis is best described as:
A) Uncontrolled cell swelling and rupture.
B) Programmed cell death that does not trigger inflammation.
C) Cell death due to severe ischemia.
D) Pathological cell death resulting in pus formation.
Answer: B) Programmed cell death that does not trigger
inflammation. Rationale: Apoptosis is an active, genetically
programmed, and highly regulated process of cell death that occurs
without inflammation. Necrosis, in contrast, is pathological and
triggers an inflammatory response.
During cellular injury, why does intracellular calcium increase?
A) The cell membrane becomes impermeable to calcium.
B) Ischemia causes failure of the calcium ATPase pump.
C) Calcium shifts from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria.
D) The endoplasmic reticulum halts calcium release.
Answer: B) Ischemia causes failure of the calcium ATPase pump.
Rationale: Ischemia leads to ATP depletion. Without ATP, the calcium
ATPase pump fails, causing intracellular calcium to rise. High
intracellular calcium activates enzymes (proteases, lipases) that
further damage the cell.
A patient develops a dark, brown-black pigment around a severe
burn wound. This is likely due to the accumulation of:
A) Bilirubin
B) Lipofuscin
C) Melanin
D) Hemosiderin
, Answer: D) Hemosiderin. Rationale: Hemosiderin is a golden-brown
to black pigment derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin in
tissues, often seen in bruising or severe burns. Lipofuscin is an
aging pigment, bilirubin is yellow (jaundice), and melanin is skin
pigment.
Which of the following is a primary characteristic of liquefactive
necrosis?
A) Formation of a thick, fibrous scar.
B) Digestion of dead cells into a liquid mass.
C) Deposition of calcium salts in dead tissue.
D) Coagulation of cellular proteins.
Answer: B) Digestion of dead cells into a liquid mass. Rationale:
Liquefactive necrosis occurs when dead cells are digested into a
liquid mass, commonly seen in the brain (due to lack of connective
tissue) or in bacterial infections (abscesses/pus).
The primary difference between hyperplasia and neoplasia is that
hyperplasia:
A) Is irreversible.
B) Is a response to a normal growth stimulus and remains
controlled.
C) Involves a change in cell shape.
D) Only occurs in labile cell populations.
Answer: B) Is a response to a normal growth stimulus and remains
controlled. Rationale: Hyperplasia is a controlled increase in cell
number in response to a stimulus, which ceases when the stimulus
is removed. Neoplasia is uncontrolled, autonomous cell growth.
Chamberlain Pathophysiology (PDF)
Questions and Ansẉers with
rationales 2026\2027 update
This Exam contains:
Guarantee passing score
Questions and Ansẉers
format set of multiple-choice
Expert-Verified rationales
Verified ẉith trusted textbooks
,───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
─
Which cellular adaptation occurs as a result of chronic increased
workload, leading to an increase in cell size?
A) Atrophy
B) Hypertrophy
C) Hyperplasia
D) Metaplasia
Answer: B) Hypertrophy. Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell
size due to increased workload (e.g., cardiac muscle in
hypertension). Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number, atrophy is
a decrease in size, and metaplasia is reversible cell replacement.
A biopsy report indicates "dysplasia." What does this finding
suggest?
A) An increase in the number of cells in an organ.
B) A change in cell shape, size, and organization indicating a
precancerous state.
C) A reversible replacement of one mature cell type with another.
D) Programmed cell death.
Answer: B) A change in cell shape, size, and organization indicating
a precancerous state. Rationale: Dysplasia is abnormal cell growth
characterized by changes in size, shape, and organization. It is
often a precursor to cancer (neoplasia), whereas metaplasia is a
reversible cell replacement.
Which type of necrosis is characterized by a firm, cheese-like
appearance and is commonly seen in tuberculosis infections?
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Fat necrosis
,Answer: C) Caseous necrosis. Rationale: Caseous necrosis results in
a thick, yellowish, cheese-like appearance and is classically
associated with tuberculosis. Coagulative affects the heart/kidneys,
liquefactive affects the brain, and fat necrosis affects
pancreatic/breast tissue.
Apoptosis is best described as:
A) Uncontrolled cell swelling and rupture.
B) Programmed cell death that does not trigger inflammation.
C) Cell death due to severe ischemia.
D) Pathological cell death resulting in pus formation.
Answer: B) Programmed cell death that does not trigger
inflammation. Rationale: Apoptosis is an active, genetically
programmed, and highly regulated process of cell death that occurs
without inflammation. Necrosis, in contrast, is pathological and
triggers an inflammatory response.
During cellular injury, why does intracellular calcium increase?
A) The cell membrane becomes impermeable to calcium.
B) Ischemia causes failure of the calcium ATPase pump.
C) Calcium shifts from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria.
D) The endoplasmic reticulum halts calcium release.
Answer: B) Ischemia causes failure of the calcium ATPase pump.
Rationale: Ischemia leads to ATP depletion. Without ATP, the calcium
ATPase pump fails, causing intracellular calcium to rise. High
intracellular calcium activates enzymes (proteases, lipases) that
further damage the cell.
A patient develops a dark, brown-black pigment around a severe
burn wound. This is likely due to the accumulation of:
A) Bilirubin
B) Lipofuscin
C) Melanin
D) Hemosiderin
, Answer: D) Hemosiderin. Rationale: Hemosiderin is a golden-brown
to black pigment derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin in
tissues, often seen in bruising or severe burns. Lipofuscin is an
aging pigment, bilirubin is yellow (jaundice), and melanin is skin
pigment.
Which of the following is a primary characteristic of liquefactive
necrosis?
A) Formation of a thick, fibrous scar.
B) Digestion of dead cells into a liquid mass.
C) Deposition of calcium salts in dead tissue.
D) Coagulation of cellular proteins.
Answer: B) Digestion of dead cells into a liquid mass. Rationale:
Liquefactive necrosis occurs when dead cells are digested into a
liquid mass, commonly seen in the brain (due to lack of connective
tissue) or in bacterial infections (abscesses/pus).
The primary difference between hyperplasia and neoplasia is that
hyperplasia:
A) Is irreversible.
B) Is a response to a normal growth stimulus and remains
controlled.
C) Involves a change in cell shape.
D) Only occurs in labile cell populations.
Answer: B) Is a response to a normal growth stimulus and remains
controlled. Rationale: Hyperplasia is a controlled increase in cell
number in response to a stimulus, which ceases when the stimulus
is removed. Neoplasia is uncontrolled, autonomous cell growth.
