NSG 2610 Exam 1 Study Guide
ABGs
Know normal values and be able to interpret
o pH 7.35-7.45
o PaO2 80-100
o CO2 35-45
o HCO3 22-26
o O2 95-100%
How to intervene if abnormal
o Elevated CO2 – encourage deep breathing, use
BiPAP/CPAP, or increase oxygenation as appropriate
Acute asthma attack
Treatment
o Short acting bronchodilators (SABA) for immediate
relief
o Systemic corticosteroids for inflammation reduction
o Oxygen therapy (100%) if the patient is not responding
to initial treatments, to ensure adequate oxygenation
and prevent hypoxia
o Consider anticholinergics and mag sulfate for extreme
cases
ARDS
Positioning used
o Prone positioning
Aspiration
Risk factors
o Seizure activity
o Brain injury
o Flat body positioning
o Stroke
o Swallowing disorders
o Decreased LOC
Complications
, o Aspiration pneumonia
Patients at greater risk
o Stroke patients
o Elderly
o Those with neuromuscular disorders
Asthma
Clinical manifestations
o Cough
o Dyspnea
o Wheezing
o Chest tightness
o Mucous production
o Use of accessory muscles
o Prolonged exhalation
o hypoxemia
Diagnosis
o Spirometry and clinical history
Teaching about peak flow meter
o Measure the highest volume of airflow during a forced
expiration. Patient takes deep breath, and exhales hard
and fast around mouthpiece
Medication for wheezing/dyspnea
o Administer a bronchodilator (ex: albuterol)
Atelectasis
Risk factors
o Immobility
o Anesthesia
o Mucus plugs
o Shallow breathing
Prevention
o Early ambulation
o incentive spirometry
o deep breathing exercises
o adequate pain control
BiPAP
ABGs
Know normal values and be able to interpret
o pH 7.35-7.45
o PaO2 80-100
o CO2 35-45
o HCO3 22-26
o O2 95-100%
How to intervene if abnormal
o Elevated CO2 – encourage deep breathing, use
BiPAP/CPAP, or increase oxygenation as appropriate
Acute asthma attack
Treatment
o Short acting bronchodilators (SABA) for immediate
relief
o Systemic corticosteroids for inflammation reduction
o Oxygen therapy (100%) if the patient is not responding
to initial treatments, to ensure adequate oxygenation
and prevent hypoxia
o Consider anticholinergics and mag sulfate for extreme
cases
ARDS
Positioning used
o Prone positioning
Aspiration
Risk factors
o Seizure activity
o Brain injury
o Flat body positioning
o Stroke
o Swallowing disorders
o Decreased LOC
Complications
, o Aspiration pneumonia
Patients at greater risk
o Stroke patients
o Elderly
o Those with neuromuscular disorders
Asthma
Clinical manifestations
o Cough
o Dyspnea
o Wheezing
o Chest tightness
o Mucous production
o Use of accessory muscles
o Prolonged exhalation
o hypoxemia
Diagnosis
o Spirometry and clinical history
Teaching about peak flow meter
o Measure the highest volume of airflow during a forced
expiration. Patient takes deep breath, and exhales hard
and fast around mouthpiece
Medication for wheezing/dyspnea
o Administer a bronchodilator (ex: albuterol)
Atelectasis
Risk factors
o Immobility
o Anesthesia
o Mucus plugs
o Shallow breathing
Prevention
o Early ambulation
o incentive spirometry
o deep breathing exercises
o adequate pain control
BiPAP
