Rasmussen University-Florida NUR 2063
NUR 2063 Pathophysiology
Exam 2 Actual study
Questions with correct
detailed Answers | 2026/27
Updates
C
Terms in this set (217)
What is gastritis? Inflammation of the stomach lining. The lining will be red and
inflamed and irritated
What are the causes of gastritis? Ingestion of irritating substances such a alcohol, aspirin,
NSAIDS, viruses and bacteria
What is GERD? the back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus through
the lower esophageal sphincter. The inflammation occurs from
the reflex of highly acidic stomach acid that comes up.
What are the causes of GERD? Any condition or agent that alters closure of the lower
esophageal sphincter or increases in abdominal pressure, fatty
food, caffeine, large amounts of alcohol, smoking, pregnancy
and anatomical features like hiatal hernia
,What are complications of GERD? Barrett's esophagus where columnar tissue replaces
normal squamous tissue in the distal esophagus that carries a
high risk for cancer. Progression can lead to ulcers and
scarring.
Esophageal strictures, pulmonary symptoms such as
cough, asthma and laryngitis from reflux in breathing
passages.
What are the signs and symptoms of peptic epigastric burning pain that is usually relieved by food or
ulcer disease? antacids (gastric ulcers present on empty stomach but can be
after food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food and is
relieved by food). Can also be life threatening as GI
bleeding can occur without warning and cause a drop in
H/H and dark tarry stools and hematemesis.
What is the role of H.pylori in peptic ulcer promotes both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation and
disease? thrives in acidic areas. It slows down ulcer healing and can
reoccur frequently, and taking it away can help ulcers heal.
What is pseudomembranous colitis?(C.diff) acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine. The
intestinal lining cannot absorb well.
What is the cause of pseudomembranous clostridium difficile, exposure to long term antibiotics that off
colitis? set the e.coli and c.diff balance in intestine
What are the manifestations of foul smelling/bloody stool, abdominal pain, fever,
pseudomembranous colitis? leukocytosis, sepsis, colonic perforation.
How do we treat pseudomembranous stop current antibiotics, treat ischemia and
colitis? contributing conditions, give oral antibiotics like
metronidazole or vancomycin, fecal transplant or
colectomy if severe
How do we prevent the spread of wearing appropriate PPE and washing hands with soap and
pseudomembranous colitis? water only
What are the signs and symptoms Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain, presence of a positive
of appendicitis? McBurneys point with pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea,
RLQ tenderness, systemic signs of infection
How do we assess for appendicitis? McBurney's point technique when pressing on the belly
button and RLQ hip region and removing the pressure causes
intense pain, indicates positive appendicitis
What are the causes of bowel obstructions? previous surgery of the intestines with adhesions, congenital
abnormalities of the bowel, metastatic cancer of the intestinal
tract or female reproductive organs, accumulation of fluid,
gas, water and electrolytes in the bowel.
What is a functional bowel obstruction? a problem with the act of the bowel actually moving, such as
things that inhibit movement from surgery, medications,
opioids, low fiber diets that can slow motility or shut off the GI
system from the SNS stimulation.
, What is a mechanical bowel obstruction? due to adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvus or
twisting of the intestines, intussusception
What are the signs and symptoms of hepatocellular failure ( jaundice, decreased clotting,
liver disease? hypoalbuminemia, decreased vitamin D and K) and portal
hypertension (GI congestion due to blockage of blood, more
esophageal or gastric varies, hemorrhoids, enlarged spleen,)
Explain what jaundice is? green- yellow staining of tissues from increased level of
bilirubin as the liver cannot metabolize extra bilirubin
Where can you find jaundice on eyes, skin, and mouth
assessment?
Explain what ascites is? pathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity due
to the loss of albumin in the liver, causing fluid to be free
amongst the cells. It can cause a lot of pain in the abdomen,
and it must be drained with a parenthesis
Explain hepatic encephalopathy? neuropsychiatric syndrome from too much ammonia in the
blood as the liver cannot break it down. results in
dementia and psychotic symptoms common along with
jerking
What is another name for end stage liver cirrhosis
disease?
What are the signs and symptoms sudden pain in the RUQ/ center of the abdomen, back pain,
of gallstones? and nauseas and vomiting.
Why do gallstones occur? due to often a blockage of a duct from a cholesterol filled
stone
What are the three stages of gallstone supersaturation, nucleation, hypo motility
formation?
Explain supersaturation phase bile is saturated with cholesterol, causing precipitation of
cholesterol
Explain nucleation phase the bile crystals begin to stick together and become larger
stones
Explain hypo motility phase the bile is stasis allowing the stones to grow more
What are some of the risk factors for prolonged fasting, rapid weight loss, pregnancy, estrogen,
gallstones? obesity
What are the signs and symptoms steady and dull pain in the center or LUQ of abdomen, severe
of pancreatitis? tenderness on palpation that radiates to the back, nausea
and vomiting, abdominal distention with hypoactive bowel
sounds, low grade fevers
NUR 2063 Pathophysiology
Exam 2 Actual study
Questions with correct
detailed Answers | 2026/27
Updates
C
Terms in this set (217)
What is gastritis? Inflammation of the stomach lining. The lining will be red and
inflamed and irritated
What are the causes of gastritis? Ingestion of irritating substances such a alcohol, aspirin,
NSAIDS, viruses and bacteria
What is GERD? the back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus through
the lower esophageal sphincter. The inflammation occurs from
the reflex of highly acidic stomach acid that comes up.
What are the causes of GERD? Any condition or agent that alters closure of the lower
esophageal sphincter or increases in abdominal pressure, fatty
food, caffeine, large amounts of alcohol, smoking, pregnancy
and anatomical features like hiatal hernia
,What are complications of GERD? Barrett's esophagus where columnar tissue replaces
normal squamous tissue in the distal esophagus that carries a
high risk for cancer. Progression can lead to ulcers and
scarring.
Esophageal strictures, pulmonary symptoms such as
cough, asthma and laryngitis from reflux in breathing
passages.
What are the signs and symptoms of peptic epigastric burning pain that is usually relieved by food or
ulcer disease? antacids (gastric ulcers present on empty stomach but can be
after food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food and is
relieved by food). Can also be life threatening as GI
bleeding can occur without warning and cause a drop in
H/H and dark tarry stools and hematemesis.
What is the role of H.pylori in peptic ulcer promotes both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation and
disease? thrives in acidic areas. It slows down ulcer healing and can
reoccur frequently, and taking it away can help ulcers heal.
What is pseudomembranous colitis?(C.diff) acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine. The
intestinal lining cannot absorb well.
What is the cause of pseudomembranous clostridium difficile, exposure to long term antibiotics that off
colitis? set the e.coli and c.diff balance in intestine
What are the manifestations of foul smelling/bloody stool, abdominal pain, fever,
pseudomembranous colitis? leukocytosis, sepsis, colonic perforation.
How do we treat pseudomembranous stop current antibiotics, treat ischemia and
colitis? contributing conditions, give oral antibiotics like
metronidazole or vancomycin, fecal transplant or
colectomy if severe
How do we prevent the spread of wearing appropriate PPE and washing hands with soap and
pseudomembranous colitis? water only
What are the signs and symptoms Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain, presence of a positive
of appendicitis? McBurneys point with pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea,
RLQ tenderness, systemic signs of infection
How do we assess for appendicitis? McBurney's point technique when pressing on the belly
button and RLQ hip region and removing the pressure causes
intense pain, indicates positive appendicitis
What are the causes of bowel obstructions? previous surgery of the intestines with adhesions, congenital
abnormalities of the bowel, metastatic cancer of the intestinal
tract or female reproductive organs, accumulation of fluid,
gas, water and electrolytes in the bowel.
What is a functional bowel obstruction? a problem with the act of the bowel actually moving, such as
things that inhibit movement from surgery, medications,
opioids, low fiber diets that can slow motility or shut off the GI
system from the SNS stimulation.
, What is a mechanical bowel obstruction? due to adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvus or
twisting of the intestines, intussusception
What are the signs and symptoms of hepatocellular failure ( jaundice, decreased clotting,
liver disease? hypoalbuminemia, decreased vitamin D and K) and portal
hypertension (GI congestion due to blockage of blood, more
esophageal or gastric varies, hemorrhoids, enlarged spleen,)
Explain what jaundice is? green- yellow staining of tissues from increased level of
bilirubin as the liver cannot metabolize extra bilirubin
Where can you find jaundice on eyes, skin, and mouth
assessment?
Explain what ascites is? pathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity due
to the loss of albumin in the liver, causing fluid to be free
amongst the cells. It can cause a lot of pain in the abdomen,
and it must be drained with a parenthesis
Explain hepatic encephalopathy? neuropsychiatric syndrome from too much ammonia in the
blood as the liver cannot break it down. results in
dementia and psychotic symptoms common along with
jerking
What is another name for end stage liver cirrhosis
disease?
What are the signs and symptoms sudden pain in the RUQ/ center of the abdomen, back pain,
of gallstones? and nauseas and vomiting.
Why do gallstones occur? due to often a blockage of a duct from a cholesterol filled
stone
What are the three stages of gallstone supersaturation, nucleation, hypo motility
formation?
Explain supersaturation phase bile is saturated with cholesterol, causing precipitation of
cholesterol
Explain nucleation phase the bile crystals begin to stick together and become larger
stones
Explain hypo motility phase the bile is stasis allowing the stones to grow more
What are some of the risk factors for prolonged fasting, rapid weight loss, pregnancy, estrogen,
gallstones? obesity
What are the signs and symptoms steady and dull pain in the center or LUQ of abdomen, severe
of pancreatitis? tenderness on palpation that radiates to the back, nausea
and vomiting, abdominal distention with hypoactive bowel
sounds, low grade fevers
