NRl 565/l NR565l Finall Exam:l Advancedl
Pharmacologyl Fundamentalsl Guidel
(Latestl 2026/l 2027l Update)l |l Qsl &l As|l
Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl (Verifiedl
Answers)-l Chamberlain
QUESTION
Antiulcerl Drugl Selection
Answer:
·l Antibiotics
·l Antisecretoryl agentsl (PPI's,l H2RA's)
·l Mucosall protectantsl (sucralfate)
·l Antisecretoryl agentsl thatl enhancel mucosall defensesl (Misoprostol)
·l antiacids
QUESTION
NSAID-inducedl ulcerl prophylaxis
Answer:
·l Forl patientsl withl riskl factorsl forl ulcerl development
ol >60l yearsl old,l historyl ofl ulcers,l high-dosel NSAIDl therapy
ol PPI'sl arel preferredl (omeprazole)
ol Misoprostoll isl effectivel butl canl causel diarrhea.
ol Antiacidsl suchl asl sucralfate,l H2l receptorl blockersl arel notl recommended
·l Misoprostoll (Cytotec):l analogl ofl prostaglandinl E1.l Protectsl gastricl lining.l Onlyl drugl
tol offsetl NSAIDl effectsl onl PUD.l Replacesl thel prostaglandinsl inl GIl thatl NSAIDl
inhibits.
QUESTION
,PPIl Alternatives
Answer:
·l H2RAl (cimetidine).l Lessl effectivel andl lessl prolongedl effects,l butl canl helpl reducel
ADR'sl ofl PPI
QUESTION
Laxativesl inl Pregnancy
Answer:
·l Laxativel usel shouldl bel usedl withl cautionl inl pregnancyl asl itl canl inducel labor.
QUESTION
Osmoticl Laxatives:l Contraindications
Answer:
·l absorbed,l thereforel drawl waterl intol themselvesl inl thel intestinall lumen.l Inl lowl doses,l
takel 6-12l hoursl andl inl highl dosesl takel 2-6l hours.
·l Inl patientsl withl renall impairment,l magnesiuml saltsl canl accumulatel tol toxicl levelsl andl
arel contraindicatedl inl thosel withl kidneyl disease.
·l Sodiuml phosphatel laxativesl canl causel fluidl retentionl andl exacerbatel heartl failure,l
hypertension,l andl edema.l Therefore,l theyl arel contraindicated.
QUESTION
Lubiprostonel Indications
Answer:
·l Classl ofl chloridel channell activatorsl withl threel indications:
·l Chronicl idiopathicl constipationl inl adults
·l Irritablel bowell syndromel andl constipationl inl womenl atl leastl 18l yearsl andl older
·l Treatmentl ofl opioidl inducedl constipationl inl chronicl noncancerl pain
QUESTION
Laxativel Abusel Cause
,Answer:
·l Causes:l patientsl believel theyl needl tol poopl dailyl andl ifl theyl dol not,l itl needsl tol bel
corrected.l Strongl laxativesl canl causel immediatel evacuationl andl canl takel 2-5l daysl forl
poopl tol return,l makingl al patientl believel theyl arel constipated.
·l Laxativesl canl causel dependencel andl causel pathologicl changes,l elextrolytel imbalances,l
dehydrationl andl colitis.
·l Tol breakl cycle,l mustl abruptlyl stopl usingl laxatives.l BMl mayl bel absentl forl severall
days
·l Stooll qualityl isl morel importantl thanl stooll frequency.
·l Bowell trainingl -l establishl routinel onl whenl tol poop.
·l Increasel consumptionl ofl fiberl andl fluidl intake,l dailyl exercisel especiallyl afterl meals.
QUESTION
Opioids
Answer:
·l Diphenoxylate,l loperamidel (Imodium),l difenoxin.
·l Mostl effectivel antidiarrheall agent.l Activatesl opioidl receptorsl inl GIl tractl tol decreasel
intestinall motilityl andl slowl transit.l Netl effectl isl tol presentl largel intestinel withl lessl
water.l Fluidityl andl volumel ofl stooll arel reducedl andl decreasedl frequency.
QUESTION
Glucocorticoids
Answer:
·l Dexamethasonel andl budesonidel relievel symptomsl ofl ulcerativel colitisl andl Crohnl
diseasel d/tl anti-inflammatoryl propertiesl ofl drug.
·l Indicatedl forl inductionl ofl remission,l notl forl long-terml maintenance.
QUESTION
Immunosuppressants
Answer:
·l Azathioprinel andl mercaptopurinel (usedl together)l -l Forl longl terml therapyl inl selectedl
patientsl withl UCl andl Crohn's.
, ·l Onsetl ofl effectsl isl 6l months.l Notl forl acutel monotherapy.l Theyl arel usedl tol inducel
andl maintainl remission.
QUESTION
Infliximab
Answer:
·l Monoclonall antibiodyl thatl isl usedl tol modulatel immunel responsel andl inflammatoryl
response.l Forl moderatel tol severel Crohnl andl UC.l Inducesl remission.
Secondl linel treatment
·l Includesl inductionl regimenl andl maintenancel infusions.
QUESTION
Sulfasalazine:l Indication
Answer:
·l 5-aminosalicylatesl usedl tol treatl mildl orl moderatel ulcerativel colitisl andl Crohn'sl
diseasel andl tol maintainl remissionl afterl symptomsl subside.
Firstl linel treatmentl
·l Mostl effectivel againstl acutel episodesl ofl mildl tol moderatel ulcerativel colitis.
QUESTION
Alosetron:l Contraindications
Answer:
·l Potentiallyl hazardousl duel tol reportsl ofl severel GIl toxicityl andl severall deaths.
·l Canl causel ischemicl colitisl duel tol reducedl intestinall bloodl flow.
·l Contraindicatedl forl constipationl asl itl canl increasel GIl toxicityl inl patientsl with:
·l Chronicl constipation,l Crohn'sl disease,l ulcerativel colitis,l diverticulitis,l ischemicl colitis,l
intestinall obstructions,l toxicl megacolon.
QUESTION
Alosetron:l MOA
Pharmacologyl Fundamentalsl Guidel
(Latestl 2026/l 2027l Update)l |l Qsl &l As|l
Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl (Verifiedl
Answers)-l Chamberlain
QUESTION
Antiulcerl Drugl Selection
Answer:
·l Antibiotics
·l Antisecretoryl agentsl (PPI's,l H2RA's)
·l Mucosall protectantsl (sucralfate)
·l Antisecretoryl agentsl thatl enhancel mucosall defensesl (Misoprostol)
·l antiacids
QUESTION
NSAID-inducedl ulcerl prophylaxis
Answer:
·l Forl patientsl withl riskl factorsl forl ulcerl development
ol >60l yearsl old,l historyl ofl ulcers,l high-dosel NSAIDl therapy
ol PPI'sl arel preferredl (omeprazole)
ol Misoprostoll isl effectivel butl canl causel diarrhea.
ol Antiacidsl suchl asl sucralfate,l H2l receptorl blockersl arel notl recommended
·l Misoprostoll (Cytotec):l analogl ofl prostaglandinl E1.l Protectsl gastricl lining.l Onlyl drugl
tol offsetl NSAIDl effectsl onl PUD.l Replacesl thel prostaglandinsl inl GIl thatl NSAIDl
inhibits.
QUESTION
,PPIl Alternatives
Answer:
·l H2RAl (cimetidine).l Lessl effectivel andl lessl prolongedl effects,l butl canl helpl reducel
ADR'sl ofl PPI
QUESTION
Laxativesl inl Pregnancy
Answer:
·l Laxativel usel shouldl bel usedl withl cautionl inl pregnancyl asl itl canl inducel labor.
QUESTION
Osmoticl Laxatives:l Contraindications
Answer:
·l absorbed,l thereforel drawl waterl intol themselvesl inl thel intestinall lumen.l Inl lowl doses,l
takel 6-12l hoursl andl inl highl dosesl takel 2-6l hours.
·l Inl patientsl withl renall impairment,l magnesiuml saltsl canl accumulatel tol toxicl levelsl andl
arel contraindicatedl inl thosel withl kidneyl disease.
·l Sodiuml phosphatel laxativesl canl causel fluidl retentionl andl exacerbatel heartl failure,l
hypertension,l andl edema.l Therefore,l theyl arel contraindicated.
QUESTION
Lubiprostonel Indications
Answer:
·l Classl ofl chloridel channell activatorsl withl threel indications:
·l Chronicl idiopathicl constipationl inl adults
·l Irritablel bowell syndromel andl constipationl inl womenl atl leastl 18l yearsl andl older
·l Treatmentl ofl opioidl inducedl constipationl inl chronicl noncancerl pain
QUESTION
Laxativel Abusel Cause
,Answer:
·l Causes:l patientsl believel theyl needl tol poopl dailyl andl ifl theyl dol not,l itl needsl tol bel
corrected.l Strongl laxativesl canl causel immediatel evacuationl andl canl takel 2-5l daysl forl
poopl tol return,l makingl al patientl believel theyl arel constipated.
·l Laxativesl canl causel dependencel andl causel pathologicl changes,l elextrolytel imbalances,l
dehydrationl andl colitis.
·l Tol breakl cycle,l mustl abruptlyl stopl usingl laxatives.l BMl mayl bel absentl forl severall
days
·l Stooll qualityl isl morel importantl thanl stooll frequency.
·l Bowell trainingl -l establishl routinel onl whenl tol poop.
·l Increasel consumptionl ofl fiberl andl fluidl intake,l dailyl exercisel especiallyl afterl meals.
QUESTION
Opioids
Answer:
·l Diphenoxylate,l loperamidel (Imodium),l difenoxin.
·l Mostl effectivel antidiarrheall agent.l Activatesl opioidl receptorsl inl GIl tractl tol decreasel
intestinall motilityl andl slowl transit.l Netl effectl isl tol presentl largel intestinel withl lessl
water.l Fluidityl andl volumel ofl stooll arel reducedl andl decreasedl frequency.
QUESTION
Glucocorticoids
Answer:
·l Dexamethasonel andl budesonidel relievel symptomsl ofl ulcerativel colitisl andl Crohnl
diseasel d/tl anti-inflammatoryl propertiesl ofl drug.
·l Indicatedl forl inductionl ofl remission,l notl forl long-terml maintenance.
QUESTION
Immunosuppressants
Answer:
·l Azathioprinel andl mercaptopurinel (usedl together)l -l Forl longl terml therapyl inl selectedl
patientsl withl UCl andl Crohn's.
, ·l Onsetl ofl effectsl isl 6l months.l Notl forl acutel monotherapy.l Theyl arel usedl tol inducel
andl maintainl remission.
QUESTION
Infliximab
Answer:
·l Monoclonall antibiodyl thatl isl usedl tol modulatel immunel responsel andl inflammatoryl
response.l Forl moderatel tol severel Crohnl andl UC.l Inducesl remission.
Secondl linel treatment
·l Includesl inductionl regimenl andl maintenancel infusions.
QUESTION
Sulfasalazine:l Indication
Answer:
·l 5-aminosalicylatesl usedl tol treatl mildl orl moderatel ulcerativel colitisl andl Crohn'sl
diseasel andl tol maintainl remissionl afterl symptomsl subside.
Firstl linel treatmentl
·l Mostl effectivel againstl acutel episodesl ofl mildl tol moderatel ulcerativel colitis.
QUESTION
Alosetron:l Contraindications
Answer:
·l Potentiallyl hazardousl duel tol reportsl ofl severel GIl toxicityl andl severall deaths.
·l Canl causel ischemicl colitisl duel tol reducedl intestinall bloodl flow.
·l Contraindicatedl forl constipationl asl itl canl increasel GIl toxicityl inl patientsl with:
·l Chronicl constipation,l Crohn'sl disease,l ulcerativel colitis,l diverticulitis,l ischemicl colitis,l
intestinall obstructions,l toxicl megacolon.
QUESTION
Alosetron:l MOA
