NURS6202 (CU-AGPCNP) Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam
100 Complete Questions& Answers 2026/2027
Introduction:
This 100-question final practice set targets NURS6202 Weeks 8-15 plus cumulative
foundations, emphasizing cardio, pulmonary, renal, GI, reproductive, and oncology
integration. Questions test hemodynamics, ventilation-perfusion, acid-base, shock,
heart failure, nephrotic vs nephritic, liver failure, and cancer biology with clinical
reasoning focus. Balanced key 25 per option includes bold answers and concise
rationales for AGPCNP exam.
Topics Covered:
• Cardiovascular: HFrEF/HFpEF, ACS/MI, HTN, shock types, arrhythmias, tamponade,
valvular disease, digoxin toxicity
• Hemodynamics: CO x SVR, preload/afterload, PCWP, JVD, S3, MAP
• Pulmonary: Asthma/COPD, V/Q mismatch vs shunt, ARDS, PE, pulmonary HTN, ABG
Type 1/2 failure, O2-Hb curve
• Renal: Pre-renal vs ATN, nephrotic vs nephritic, CKD anemia/acidosis, hepatorenal,
BUN/Cr, FENa
• GI/Hepatic: Portal HTN/ascites, encephalopathy, pancreatitis, Crohn vs UC, bilirubin,
cirrhosis coagulopathy
• Reproductive: PCOS, menopause, BPH, PSA
• Oncology: Oncogenes vs tumor suppressors, p53, BRCA, metastasis steps,
paraneoplastic, cachexia
• Cumulative integration: DM/HTN/CKD/HF, DKA, sepsis -> MODS, anemia, DIC,
transfusion
1. HFrEF pathophysiology involves:
a) Reduced EF <40% with impaired contractility and neurohormonal activation
b) Preserved EF with impaired relaxation only
c) High output due to thyrotoxicosis
d) Isolated diastolic dysfunction
Rationale: HFrEF = systolic failure, low CO triggers SNS/RAAS remodeling.
2. BNP rises in HF because:
a) Decreased atrial stretch
b) Ventricular myocyte stretch from volume/pressure overload
c) Increased GFR
d) Decreased SNS activity
Rationale: Ventricular wall stress stimulates BNP release.
3. Stable angina is due to:
a) Plaque rupture with thrombosis
b) Coronary vasospasm only
c) Fixed atherosclerotic narrowing with demand/supply mismatch on exertion
, d) Myocarditis
Rationale: Stable = exertional, reversible, fixed lesion.
4. ACS - STEMI is caused by:
a) Partial thrombosis
b) Vasospasm
c) Anemia
d) Complete thrombotic occlusion after plaque rupture
Rationale: Complete occlusion -> transmural injury, ST elevation.
5. Cardiogenic shock hemodynamics:
a) Low CO, high SVR, high PCWP
b) High CO, low SVR, low PCWP
c) Low CO, low SVR, low PCWP
d) High CO, high SVR, low PCWP
Rationale: Pump failure = low CO, backup increases PCWP, compensatory SVR rise.
6. Septic shock hemodynamics early:
a) Low CO, high SVR
b) High CO, low SVR due to vasodilation
c) Low CO, low PCWP
d) Normal CO, high SVR
Rationale: Distributive shock = vasodilation, high CO early if fluids.
7. Cardiac tamponade is:
a) Distributive shock
b) Hypovolemic shock
c) Obstructive shock with equalization of diastolic pressures
d) Cardiogenic shock from MI
Rationale: Fluid in pericardium obstructs filling.
8. Atrial fibrillation increases stroke risk because:
a) Low platelets
b) High BP only
c) Vasculitis
d) Stasis in left atrial appendage -> thrombus formation
Rationale: Loss of atrial kick + stasis.
9. Aortic stenosis causes:
a) Pressure overload, concentric LV hypertrophy
b) Volume overload, eccentric hypertrophy
c) High output failure
d) Right ventricular failure first
Rationale: Stenosis = afterload/pressure overload.
10. Aortic regurgitation causes:
a) Pressure overload concentric hypertrophy
b) Volume overload eccentric hypertrophy
c) Decreased LVEDP
d) Fixed stroke volume
Rationale: Regurgitation = volume overload.
11. MAP equation is:
a) HR x SV
100 Complete Questions& Answers 2026/2027
Introduction:
This 100-question final practice set targets NURS6202 Weeks 8-15 plus cumulative
foundations, emphasizing cardio, pulmonary, renal, GI, reproductive, and oncology
integration. Questions test hemodynamics, ventilation-perfusion, acid-base, shock,
heart failure, nephrotic vs nephritic, liver failure, and cancer biology with clinical
reasoning focus. Balanced key 25 per option includes bold answers and concise
rationales for AGPCNP exam.
Topics Covered:
• Cardiovascular: HFrEF/HFpEF, ACS/MI, HTN, shock types, arrhythmias, tamponade,
valvular disease, digoxin toxicity
• Hemodynamics: CO x SVR, preload/afterload, PCWP, JVD, S3, MAP
• Pulmonary: Asthma/COPD, V/Q mismatch vs shunt, ARDS, PE, pulmonary HTN, ABG
Type 1/2 failure, O2-Hb curve
• Renal: Pre-renal vs ATN, nephrotic vs nephritic, CKD anemia/acidosis, hepatorenal,
BUN/Cr, FENa
• GI/Hepatic: Portal HTN/ascites, encephalopathy, pancreatitis, Crohn vs UC, bilirubin,
cirrhosis coagulopathy
• Reproductive: PCOS, menopause, BPH, PSA
• Oncology: Oncogenes vs tumor suppressors, p53, BRCA, metastasis steps,
paraneoplastic, cachexia
• Cumulative integration: DM/HTN/CKD/HF, DKA, sepsis -> MODS, anemia, DIC,
transfusion
1. HFrEF pathophysiology involves:
a) Reduced EF <40% with impaired contractility and neurohormonal activation
b) Preserved EF with impaired relaxation only
c) High output due to thyrotoxicosis
d) Isolated diastolic dysfunction
Rationale: HFrEF = systolic failure, low CO triggers SNS/RAAS remodeling.
2. BNP rises in HF because:
a) Decreased atrial stretch
b) Ventricular myocyte stretch from volume/pressure overload
c) Increased GFR
d) Decreased SNS activity
Rationale: Ventricular wall stress stimulates BNP release.
3. Stable angina is due to:
a) Plaque rupture with thrombosis
b) Coronary vasospasm only
c) Fixed atherosclerotic narrowing with demand/supply mismatch on exertion
, d) Myocarditis
Rationale: Stable = exertional, reversible, fixed lesion.
4. ACS - STEMI is caused by:
a) Partial thrombosis
b) Vasospasm
c) Anemia
d) Complete thrombotic occlusion after plaque rupture
Rationale: Complete occlusion -> transmural injury, ST elevation.
5. Cardiogenic shock hemodynamics:
a) Low CO, high SVR, high PCWP
b) High CO, low SVR, low PCWP
c) Low CO, low SVR, low PCWP
d) High CO, high SVR, low PCWP
Rationale: Pump failure = low CO, backup increases PCWP, compensatory SVR rise.
6. Septic shock hemodynamics early:
a) Low CO, high SVR
b) High CO, low SVR due to vasodilation
c) Low CO, low PCWP
d) Normal CO, high SVR
Rationale: Distributive shock = vasodilation, high CO early if fluids.
7. Cardiac tamponade is:
a) Distributive shock
b) Hypovolemic shock
c) Obstructive shock with equalization of diastolic pressures
d) Cardiogenic shock from MI
Rationale: Fluid in pericardium obstructs filling.
8. Atrial fibrillation increases stroke risk because:
a) Low platelets
b) High BP only
c) Vasculitis
d) Stasis in left atrial appendage -> thrombus formation
Rationale: Loss of atrial kick + stasis.
9. Aortic stenosis causes:
a) Pressure overload, concentric LV hypertrophy
b) Volume overload, eccentric hypertrophy
c) High output failure
d) Right ventricular failure first
Rationale: Stenosis = afterload/pressure overload.
10. Aortic regurgitation causes:
a) Pressure overload concentric hypertrophy
b) Volume overload eccentric hypertrophy
c) Decreased LVEDP
d) Fixed stroke volume
Rationale: Regurgitation = volume overload.
11. MAP equation is:
a) HR x SV
