ANP 1105 MIDTERM EXAM (OTTAWA) NEWEST
2026 TEST BANK| ANP1105 HUMAN ANATOMY
MIDTERM
SECTION 1: CELL BIOLOGY & MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
1. Which of the following does NOT cross the plasma membrane by simple
diffusion?
A) Oxygen
B) Urea
C) Alcohol
D) Glucose
Answer: D) Glucose
Rationale: Glucose is a large polar molecule that requires carrier-mediated
transport (facilitated diffusion) to cross the plasma membrane. Oxygen, urea, and
alcohol are small or lipid-soluble molecules that can pass through the
phospholipid bilayer via simple diffusion .
2. Which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells?
A) Nitrogen
B) Hydrogen
C) Potassium
D) Sodium
Answer: D) Sodium
,Rationale: Sodium (Na⁺) is the predominant extracellular cation. The sodium-
potassium pump maintains this concentration gradient by actively transporting
Na⁺ out of cells and K⁺ into cells .
3. Which of the following does NOT traverse the plasma membrane by simple
diffusion?
A) Urea
B) Oxygen
C) Amino acids
D) Carbon dioxide
Answer: C) Amino acids
Rationale: Amino acids are polar, charged molecules that require transport
proteins to cross the membrane. Urea, oxygen, and carbon dioxide are small or
lipid-soluble molecules that diffuse freely .
4. The sodium-potassium pump __________
A) pumps Na⁺ and K⁺ out of the cell
B) pumps Na⁺ and K⁺ into the cell
C) pumps Na⁺ into and K⁺ out of the cell
D) pumps Na⁺ out of and K⁺ into the cell
Answer: D) pumps Na⁺ out of and K⁺ into the cell
Rationale: The sodium-potassium pump is an active transport mechanism that
moves 3 Na⁺ ions out of the cell and 2 K⁺ ions into the cell, consuming ATP in the
process to maintain electrochemical gradients .
,5. When movement of Na⁺ ions down their concentration gradient drives the
transport of other substances across the cell membrane, this is called ______
A) Primary active transport
B) Secondary active transport
C) Vesicular transport
D) Pumping
Answer: B) Secondary active transport
Rationale: Secondary active transport uses the energy from the electrochemical
gradient of one substance (typically Na⁺) moving down its gradient to transport
another substance against its gradient. This indirectly uses energy from ATP .
6. Lipids, oxygen, and CO₂ will pass through the cell membrane using
A) Simple diffusion
B) Facilitated diffusion
C) Osmosis
D) Active transport
Answer: A) Simple diffusion
Rationale: Lipid-soluble molecules (lipids, oxygen, CO₂) can dissolve in the
hydrophobic lipid bilayer and cross the membrane without assistance .
7. Filtration is driven by a _____ gradient
A) Osmotic
B) Pressure
C) Concentration
, D) Facilitated
Answer: B) Pressure
Rationale: Filtration is the movement of water and solutes through a membrane
due to hydrostatic pressure differences, not concentration gradients. This is how
substances are filtered in the kidneys .
8. Which of the following is NOT one of the three major components of a typical
eukaryotic cell?
A) Cytoplasm
B) Ribosome
C) Plasma Membrane
D) Nucleus
Answer: B) Ribosome
Rationale: The three major components of eukaryotic cells are the plasma
membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Ribosomes are organelles within the
cytoplasm, not a major structural component .
9. In areas of the body subject to a higher degree of mechanical stress, which
type of membrane junction would you expect to be most prevalent?
A) Desmosomes
B) Microvilli
C) Tight junctions
D) Gap junctions
Answer: A) Desmosomes
2026 TEST BANK| ANP1105 HUMAN ANATOMY
MIDTERM
SECTION 1: CELL BIOLOGY & MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
1. Which of the following does NOT cross the plasma membrane by simple
diffusion?
A) Oxygen
B) Urea
C) Alcohol
D) Glucose
Answer: D) Glucose
Rationale: Glucose is a large polar molecule that requires carrier-mediated
transport (facilitated diffusion) to cross the plasma membrane. Oxygen, urea, and
alcohol are small or lipid-soluble molecules that can pass through the
phospholipid bilayer via simple diffusion .
2. Which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells?
A) Nitrogen
B) Hydrogen
C) Potassium
D) Sodium
Answer: D) Sodium
,Rationale: Sodium (Na⁺) is the predominant extracellular cation. The sodium-
potassium pump maintains this concentration gradient by actively transporting
Na⁺ out of cells and K⁺ into cells .
3. Which of the following does NOT traverse the plasma membrane by simple
diffusion?
A) Urea
B) Oxygen
C) Amino acids
D) Carbon dioxide
Answer: C) Amino acids
Rationale: Amino acids are polar, charged molecules that require transport
proteins to cross the membrane. Urea, oxygen, and carbon dioxide are small or
lipid-soluble molecules that diffuse freely .
4. The sodium-potassium pump __________
A) pumps Na⁺ and K⁺ out of the cell
B) pumps Na⁺ and K⁺ into the cell
C) pumps Na⁺ into and K⁺ out of the cell
D) pumps Na⁺ out of and K⁺ into the cell
Answer: D) pumps Na⁺ out of and K⁺ into the cell
Rationale: The sodium-potassium pump is an active transport mechanism that
moves 3 Na⁺ ions out of the cell and 2 K⁺ ions into the cell, consuming ATP in the
process to maintain electrochemical gradients .
,5. When movement of Na⁺ ions down their concentration gradient drives the
transport of other substances across the cell membrane, this is called ______
A) Primary active transport
B) Secondary active transport
C) Vesicular transport
D) Pumping
Answer: B) Secondary active transport
Rationale: Secondary active transport uses the energy from the electrochemical
gradient of one substance (typically Na⁺) moving down its gradient to transport
another substance against its gradient. This indirectly uses energy from ATP .
6. Lipids, oxygen, and CO₂ will pass through the cell membrane using
A) Simple diffusion
B) Facilitated diffusion
C) Osmosis
D) Active transport
Answer: A) Simple diffusion
Rationale: Lipid-soluble molecules (lipids, oxygen, CO₂) can dissolve in the
hydrophobic lipid bilayer and cross the membrane without assistance .
7. Filtration is driven by a _____ gradient
A) Osmotic
B) Pressure
C) Concentration
, D) Facilitated
Answer: B) Pressure
Rationale: Filtration is the movement of water and solutes through a membrane
due to hydrostatic pressure differences, not concentration gradients. This is how
substances are filtered in the kidneys .
8. Which of the following is NOT one of the three major components of a typical
eukaryotic cell?
A) Cytoplasm
B) Ribosome
C) Plasma Membrane
D) Nucleus
Answer: B) Ribosome
Rationale: The three major components of eukaryotic cells are the plasma
membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Ribosomes are organelles within the
cytoplasm, not a major structural component .
9. In areas of the body subject to a higher degree of mechanical stress, which
type of membrane junction would you expect to be most prevalent?
A) Desmosomes
B) Microvilli
C) Tight junctions
D) Gap junctions
Answer: A) Desmosomes
