CCBC BIO 110 EXAM REVIEW SOLVED QUESTIONS COMPLETE ANSWERS GRADED A
PLUS
CCBC BIO 110 Final Final TEST 2026/2027
Questions and Answers Verified Solutions Latest
Update
Question:
endosymbiosis.
Answer:
-may have occurred when larger cells ingested smaller ones- mitochondria -- engulfed prokaryotic
organisms-chloroplasts-- larger eukaryotes ingested photosynthetic prokaryotes
Question:
clonal deletion.
Answer:
occurs when t and b cells are made to recognize self
Question:
antifreeze proteins.
Answer:
- in solid water, each water molecule forms bonds with four other molecules -the problem with
water-- when begins to freeze many small crystals form, but a few small crystals dominate and grow
larger and larger, stealing water molecules from the surrounding small crystals and may rupture the
cell -antifreeze proteins counteract this recrystallization effect they bind to the surface of the small
ice crystals and slow or prevent the growth into larger dangerous crystals. -flat, hydrophilic face of
the molecule absorbs to surface of ice crystal - hydrophobic face repels liquid water molecules,
inhibiting further crystal growth. -this makes it thermodynamically unfavorable for water molecules
to add to the ice lattice mimicry of ice structure
Question:
What type of bond is formed 2 nucleotides in a single strand of DNA?
,Answer:
phospho-diester bond
Question:
If goal were to create a synthetic protein that might function similar to a mucin what structure might
you design?
Answer:
A charged amino acid with ionic bonds to attract water and beta turns, which will act as transport for
hydrophilic molecules.
Question:
If a solution has a pH of 5, how many more or less H ions are present than in a solution with pH 6?
Answer:
A solution with a pH of 5 has 10x more H ions that a solution with a pH of 6. A pH of 5 means there
is a concentration of 10-5 H ions present. A pH of 6 means there is 10-6 H ions present.
Question:
our cells create long polypeptides and then cleave them into smaller chains. Why?
Answer:
It is more efficient; large protein has two polypeptides and are already folded correctly before they
are clipped.
Question:
What type of bond is formed between a glycerol and fatty acids?
Answer:
Ester bond
Question:
,A group of macromolecules that have many different functions are.
Answer:
proteins
Question:
Positive Regulation.
Answer:
anything that makes transcription more likely; up-regulation of a gene.
Question:
DNA structure.
Answer:
phosphate and sugar lie on the outside, bases inward -purines= A and G -pyrimidines= T and C
Question:
phosphodiester bond.
Answer:
-bond in the backbone of Dna links a phosphate and the sugar (one bond to a 5' carbon and one to a
3' carbon) - the phosphodiester bonds link successive nucleotide units - the backbone of alternating
pentose and phosphate groups in both types of nucleic acid is highly polar -covalent - the breaking
of two phosphates energizes phosphodiester bonds.
Question:
Why not only use carbs?
Answer:
it takes a lt takes up more space to store glucose than lipids; lipids are less oxidized so they contain
more energy per carbon
, Question:
What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
Answer:
Dehydration synthesis builds molecules and hydrolysis breaks them down
Question:
tertiary structure of protein.
Answer:
Interaction of R groups of different amino acids, contortions in shape, disulfide bridges
Question:
What bonds are present in each of the four different levels of protein structure?
Answer:
Primary-PeptideSecondary- HydrogenTertiary- Hydrogen, Covalent, and
IonicQuaternary-Hydrogen, Covalent, Ionic
Question:
Dickerson Dodecamer.
Answer:
-5' to 3' over 3' to 5' - some bases in the dodecamer were twisted slightly-- not a feature of the
watson and crick model - the slight departure from the perfect watson and crick model is due to
sequence differences
Question:
A polysaccharide composed of the same subunits, but linked together differently so that most
organisms cannot digest it is ________________. This is known as dietary fiber.
Answer:
starch
PLUS
CCBC BIO 110 Final Final TEST 2026/2027
Questions and Answers Verified Solutions Latest
Update
Question:
endosymbiosis.
Answer:
-may have occurred when larger cells ingested smaller ones- mitochondria -- engulfed prokaryotic
organisms-chloroplasts-- larger eukaryotes ingested photosynthetic prokaryotes
Question:
clonal deletion.
Answer:
occurs when t and b cells are made to recognize self
Question:
antifreeze proteins.
Answer:
- in solid water, each water molecule forms bonds with four other molecules -the problem with
water-- when begins to freeze many small crystals form, but a few small crystals dominate and grow
larger and larger, stealing water molecules from the surrounding small crystals and may rupture the
cell -antifreeze proteins counteract this recrystallization effect they bind to the surface of the small
ice crystals and slow or prevent the growth into larger dangerous crystals. -flat, hydrophilic face of
the molecule absorbs to surface of ice crystal - hydrophobic face repels liquid water molecules,
inhibiting further crystal growth. -this makes it thermodynamically unfavorable for water molecules
to add to the ice lattice mimicry of ice structure
Question:
What type of bond is formed 2 nucleotides in a single strand of DNA?
,Answer:
phospho-diester bond
Question:
If goal were to create a synthetic protein that might function similar to a mucin what structure might
you design?
Answer:
A charged amino acid with ionic bonds to attract water and beta turns, which will act as transport for
hydrophilic molecules.
Question:
If a solution has a pH of 5, how many more or less H ions are present than in a solution with pH 6?
Answer:
A solution with a pH of 5 has 10x more H ions that a solution with a pH of 6. A pH of 5 means there
is a concentration of 10-5 H ions present. A pH of 6 means there is 10-6 H ions present.
Question:
our cells create long polypeptides and then cleave them into smaller chains. Why?
Answer:
It is more efficient; large protein has two polypeptides and are already folded correctly before they
are clipped.
Question:
What type of bond is formed between a glycerol and fatty acids?
Answer:
Ester bond
Question:
,A group of macromolecules that have many different functions are.
Answer:
proteins
Question:
Positive Regulation.
Answer:
anything that makes transcription more likely; up-regulation of a gene.
Question:
DNA structure.
Answer:
phosphate and sugar lie on the outside, bases inward -purines= A and G -pyrimidines= T and C
Question:
phosphodiester bond.
Answer:
-bond in the backbone of Dna links a phosphate and the sugar (one bond to a 5' carbon and one to a
3' carbon) - the phosphodiester bonds link successive nucleotide units - the backbone of alternating
pentose and phosphate groups in both types of nucleic acid is highly polar -covalent - the breaking
of two phosphates energizes phosphodiester bonds.
Question:
Why not only use carbs?
Answer:
it takes a lt takes up more space to store glucose than lipids; lipids are less oxidized so they contain
more energy per carbon
, Question:
What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
Answer:
Dehydration synthesis builds molecules and hydrolysis breaks them down
Question:
tertiary structure of protein.
Answer:
Interaction of R groups of different amino acids, contortions in shape, disulfide bridges
Question:
What bonds are present in each of the four different levels of protein structure?
Answer:
Primary-PeptideSecondary- HydrogenTertiary- Hydrogen, Covalent, and
IonicQuaternary-Hydrogen, Covalent, Ionic
Question:
Dickerson Dodecamer.
Answer:
-5' to 3' over 3' to 5' - some bases in the dodecamer were twisted slightly-- not a feature of the
watson and crick model - the slight departure from the perfect watson and crick model is due to
sequence differences
Question:
A polysaccharide composed of the same subunits, but linked together differently so that most
organisms cannot digest it is ________________. This is known as dietary fiber.
Answer:
starch
