PHRM 1101: Midterm Mod. 1-4 Study
Guide-Latest Updated
What is a drug? - ANS-Substance/mixture used to prevent disease, aid in diagnosis of
medical conditions, reduce symptoms, and provide treatment.
What is a dosage form? - ANS-physical form in which a drug is produced and
dispensed.
What does a dosage form combine? - ANS-medicinal ingredient (active drug) and non-
medicinal ingredients
What does the choice of dosage form depend on? - ANS-nature of drug, patients age or
condition, route of administration
Administration - ANS-delivery of the medication to/into the body
What is the route of administration - ANS-the way the drug is introduced to the body
Local vs. systemic effect of a drug - ANS-Local = directly applied to site of action (ie.
cream to skin to treat rash)
Systemic = drug enters circulatory system and is transported to the cellular site of
action, can be directly injected into bloodstream or be absorbed into circulation (ie.
nitroglycerin patch)
What does the extent of absorption depend on? - ANS-route of administration and the
properties of the dosage form
Is an inhaled corticosteroid to reduce inflammation in the airways local or systemic
effect - ANS-Local
is a patch applied to the skin to reduce tobacco cessation local or systemic effect -
ANS-Systemic
What are the aspects of pharmacokinetics? - ANS-absorption, distribution, metabolism,
excretion
What is absorption? - ANS-process by which a drug enters the bloodstream from the
site of administration
,What is distribution? - ANS-how a drug spreads throughout the body after it has entered
the bloodstream
What is metabolism? - ANS-the biotransformation, the chemical alteration of a drug
within the body (liver)
What is elimination? - ANS-process of how a drug and its metabolites are removed from
the body (kidneys, liver, bowels, lungs)
What is first pass effect? - ANS-The metabolism of a drug and its passage from the liver
into the circulation. It decreases the amount of active drug that reaches the bloodstream
What route of administration is affected by 1st pass effect? - ANS-Oral route
What is an adverse effect? - ANS-an undesirable or harmful effect that occurs after the
administration of a drug. Can result from intended use of a drug or from accidental/
incorrect use
Types of drug interactions (5) - ANS-additive, inhibition, altered absorption, altered
metabolism, additive side effects
What is the onset of action? - ANS-time it takes for the drug to start producing its
therapeutic effects after administration
What is the duration of action? - ANS-length of time that the drug remains effective in
producing its therapeutic effects after administration
What is reconstitution? - ANS-Adding water, or another solvent, to a dry powder
What is the active or medicinal ingredients responsible for? - ANS-the therapeutic effect
of a drug
What are the non-medicinal ingredients? - ANS-part of the dosage form that is not of
any medicinal/therapeutic value, but serve other important functions
Acidifying Agent - ANS-Stabilizing agent
provides an acid medium
eg. hydrocloric acid
Alkalizing agent - ANS-stabilizing agent
provides an alkaline medium
eg. sodium bicarbonate
air displacement agent - ANS-stabilizing agent
replaces oxygen with an inert gas
, preservatives - ANS-stabilizing agent
1. antifungal: prevent fungal growth
eg. sodium benzoate, methylparaben, propylparaben, benzoic acid, sodium propioonate
2. antibacterial preservative: prevents/inhibits bacterial growth
eg. potassium benzoate, chlorobutanol, phenol
Antioxidants - ANS-stabilizing agent
protects drugs from oxidation (rxn w air)
Buffering agents - ANS-stabilizing agent
maintains required pH
Chelating agent - ANS-stabilizing agent
removes metal iorns from drug formulation by forming stable complex with the ions
emulsifying agent - ANS-stabilizing agent
mixes immiscible liquids, forms a film at the oil-water interface and reduces surface
tension
eg. acacia, gelatin, sodium lauryl sulphate
Humectants - ANS-stabilizing agent
prevents water loss
surfacants - ANS-Stabilizing agent
stabilizes products by preventing ingredients from aggregation
eg. sodium lauryl sulphate, polysorbate 80
suspending agent - ANS-stabilizing agent
slows sedimentation rate of particles in a suspension
eg. acacia, methylcellulose, bentonite
Aerosol propellants - ANS-base/form agent
cause drug to be released from metered dose inhalers
Encapsulating agents - ANS-base/form agent
form capsules to hold drug mixtures
soft or hard
Ointment bases - ANS-base/form agent
semi-solid preperations that are soft, but do not melt at the body temp
eg. petrolatum, lanolin, polypropylene glycol
solvents - ANS-base/form agent
dissolves another substance (solute) to make a solution
suppository base - ANS-base/form agent
Guide-Latest Updated
What is a drug? - ANS-Substance/mixture used to prevent disease, aid in diagnosis of
medical conditions, reduce symptoms, and provide treatment.
What is a dosage form? - ANS-physical form in which a drug is produced and
dispensed.
What does a dosage form combine? - ANS-medicinal ingredient (active drug) and non-
medicinal ingredients
What does the choice of dosage form depend on? - ANS-nature of drug, patients age or
condition, route of administration
Administration - ANS-delivery of the medication to/into the body
What is the route of administration - ANS-the way the drug is introduced to the body
Local vs. systemic effect of a drug - ANS-Local = directly applied to site of action (ie.
cream to skin to treat rash)
Systemic = drug enters circulatory system and is transported to the cellular site of
action, can be directly injected into bloodstream or be absorbed into circulation (ie.
nitroglycerin patch)
What does the extent of absorption depend on? - ANS-route of administration and the
properties of the dosage form
Is an inhaled corticosteroid to reduce inflammation in the airways local or systemic
effect - ANS-Local
is a patch applied to the skin to reduce tobacco cessation local or systemic effect -
ANS-Systemic
What are the aspects of pharmacokinetics? - ANS-absorption, distribution, metabolism,
excretion
What is absorption? - ANS-process by which a drug enters the bloodstream from the
site of administration
,What is distribution? - ANS-how a drug spreads throughout the body after it has entered
the bloodstream
What is metabolism? - ANS-the biotransformation, the chemical alteration of a drug
within the body (liver)
What is elimination? - ANS-process of how a drug and its metabolites are removed from
the body (kidneys, liver, bowels, lungs)
What is first pass effect? - ANS-The metabolism of a drug and its passage from the liver
into the circulation. It decreases the amount of active drug that reaches the bloodstream
What route of administration is affected by 1st pass effect? - ANS-Oral route
What is an adverse effect? - ANS-an undesirable or harmful effect that occurs after the
administration of a drug. Can result from intended use of a drug or from accidental/
incorrect use
Types of drug interactions (5) - ANS-additive, inhibition, altered absorption, altered
metabolism, additive side effects
What is the onset of action? - ANS-time it takes for the drug to start producing its
therapeutic effects after administration
What is the duration of action? - ANS-length of time that the drug remains effective in
producing its therapeutic effects after administration
What is reconstitution? - ANS-Adding water, or another solvent, to a dry powder
What is the active or medicinal ingredients responsible for? - ANS-the therapeutic effect
of a drug
What are the non-medicinal ingredients? - ANS-part of the dosage form that is not of
any medicinal/therapeutic value, but serve other important functions
Acidifying Agent - ANS-Stabilizing agent
provides an acid medium
eg. hydrocloric acid
Alkalizing agent - ANS-stabilizing agent
provides an alkaline medium
eg. sodium bicarbonate
air displacement agent - ANS-stabilizing agent
replaces oxygen with an inert gas
, preservatives - ANS-stabilizing agent
1. antifungal: prevent fungal growth
eg. sodium benzoate, methylparaben, propylparaben, benzoic acid, sodium propioonate
2. antibacterial preservative: prevents/inhibits bacterial growth
eg. potassium benzoate, chlorobutanol, phenol
Antioxidants - ANS-stabilizing agent
protects drugs from oxidation (rxn w air)
Buffering agents - ANS-stabilizing agent
maintains required pH
Chelating agent - ANS-stabilizing agent
removes metal iorns from drug formulation by forming stable complex with the ions
emulsifying agent - ANS-stabilizing agent
mixes immiscible liquids, forms a film at the oil-water interface and reduces surface
tension
eg. acacia, gelatin, sodium lauryl sulphate
Humectants - ANS-stabilizing agent
prevents water loss
surfacants - ANS-Stabilizing agent
stabilizes products by preventing ingredients from aggregation
eg. sodium lauryl sulphate, polysorbate 80
suspending agent - ANS-stabilizing agent
slows sedimentation rate of particles in a suspension
eg. acacia, methylcellulose, bentonite
Aerosol propellants - ANS-base/form agent
cause drug to be released from metered dose inhalers
Encapsulating agents - ANS-base/form agent
form capsules to hold drug mixtures
soft or hard
Ointment bases - ANS-base/form agent
semi-solid preperations that are soft, but do not melt at the body temp
eg. petrolatum, lanolin, polypropylene glycol
solvents - ANS-base/form agent
dissolves another substance (solute) to make a solution
suppository base - ANS-base/form agent
