NBME CBSE FINAL PAPER EXAMPREP
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
VIEW AHEAD STUDY SHEET
◉ G1/S Checkpoint. Answer: Controlled by Rb protein
◉ G2/M Checkpoint. Answer: Controlled by p53 protein
◉ p53/p21. Answer: Tumor suppressors
◉ Cyclins/CDKs. Answer: Regulate progression of the cell cycle
◉ Rb phosphorylation. Answer: Promotes cell cycle progression
◉ Bioavailability (F). Answer: Fraction of drug reaching systemic
circulation
◉ Half-life (t½). Answer: t½ = 0.693 × Vd / CL
◉ Volume of Distribution (Vd). Answer: Increases for lipophilic
drugs
,◉ Clearance (CL). Answer: CL = Rate of elimination / [Drug]
◉ Loading Dose (LD). Answer: LD = Cp × Vd / F
◉ Maintenance Dose (MD). Answer: MD = Cp × CL × τ / F
◉ Agonists. Answer: Bind and activate receptors
◉ Antagonists. Answer: Block receptors
◉ Competitive Antagonists. Answer: Cause a right shift in the dose-
response curve, same maximum effect
◉ Noncompetitive Antagonists. Answer: Decrease maximum effect of
the agonist
◉ Efficacy. Answer: Maximum response of a drug, higher is better
◉ Potency. Answer: Dose needed for a drug to achieve its effect,
higher means lower dose required
◉ Michaelis-Menten Curve. Answer: Describes the rate of enzymatic
reactions
◉ Km. Answer: Concentration of substrate at half of Vmax
,◉ Competitive Inhibitors. Answer: Increase Km, do not affect Vmax
◉ Noncompetitive Inhibitors. Answer: Decrease Vmax, do not affect
Km
◉ cAMP (Gs). Answer: Involved in signaling pathways for β1/2, H2,
D1, TSH, PTH, ACTH, FSH, LH
◉ IP3 (Gq). Answer: Involved in signaling pathways for α1, M1/3,
H1, GnRH, TRH
◉ Tyrosine Kinase (RTK). Answer: Signaling pathway for Insulin,
IGF-1, FGF
◉ JAK-STAT Pathway. Answer: Signaling pathway for GH, Prolactin,
EPO, G-CSF
◉ CD4⁺ T Cells. Answer: Subtypes include TH1, TH2, TH17, and
Treg, each with specific functions in immune response.
◉ TH1. Answer: Activates macrophages through IL-12 leading to
IFN-γ production.
◉ TH2. Answer: Activates eosinophils and promotes IgE production
via IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13.
, ◉ TH17. Answer: Recruits neutrophils through IL-17.
◉ Treg. Answer: Suppresses immune responses using IL-10 and TGF-
β.
◉ CD8⁺ T Cells. Answer: Responsible for cytotoxic killing via
perforin/granzymes or FasL.
◉ B Cell Activation. Answer: Requires CD40-CD40L interaction and
IL-4/IL-5 from CD4⁺ T cells.
◉ Class Switching. Answer: The process where B cells change the
class of antibody they produce, influenced by cytokines.
◉ IL-4. Answer: Promotes class switching to IgE and IgG.
◉ IL-5. Answer: Promotes class switching to IgA.
◉ Antibody Types. Answer: Includes IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgD,
each with distinct functions.
◉ IgM. Answer: The first antibody produced; exists as a pentamer.
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
VIEW AHEAD STUDY SHEET
◉ G1/S Checkpoint. Answer: Controlled by Rb protein
◉ G2/M Checkpoint. Answer: Controlled by p53 protein
◉ p53/p21. Answer: Tumor suppressors
◉ Cyclins/CDKs. Answer: Regulate progression of the cell cycle
◉ Rb phosphorylation. Answer: Promotes cell cycle progression
◉ Bioavailability (F). Answer: Fraction of drug reaching systemic
circulation
◉ Half-life (t½). Answer: t½ = 0.693 × Vd / CL
◉ Volume of Distribution (Vd). Answer: Increases for lipophilic
drugs
,◉ Clearance (CL). Answer: CL = Rate of elimination / [Drug]
◉ Loading Dose (LD). Answer: LD = Cp × Vd / F
◉ Maintenance Dose (MD). Answer: MD = Cp × CL × τ / F
◉ Agonists. Answer: Bind and activate receptors
◉ Antagonists. Answer: Block receptors
◉ Competitive Antagonists. Answer: Cause a right shift in the dose-
response curve, same maximum effect
◉ Noncompetitive Antagonists. Answer: Decrease maximum effect of
the agonist
◉ Efficacy. Answer: Maximum response of a drug, higher is better
◉ Potency. Answer: Dose needed for a drug to achieve its effect,
higher means lower dose required
◉ Michaelis-Menten Curve. Answer: Describes the rate of enzymatic
reactions
◉ Km. Answer: Concentration of substrate at half of Vmax
,◉ Competitive Inhibitors. Answer: Increase Km, do not affect Vmax
◉ Noncompetitive Inhibitors. Answer: Decrease Vmax, do not affect
Km
◉ cAMP (Gs). Answer: Involved in signaling pathways for β1/2, H2,
D1, TSH, PTH, ACTH, FSH, LH
◉ IP3 (Gq). Answer: Involved in signaling pathways for α1, M1/3,
H1, GnRH, TRH
◉ Tyrosine Kinase (RTK). Answer: Signaling pathway for Insulin,
IGF-1, FGF
◉ JAK-STAT Pathway. Answer: Signaling pathway for GH, Prolactin,
EPO, G-CSF
◉ CD4⁺ T Cells. Answer: Subtypes include TH1, TH2, TH17, and
Treg, each with specific functions in immune response.
◉ TH1. Answer: Activates macrophages through IL-12 leading to
IFN-γ production.
◉ TH2. Answer: Activates eosinophils and promotes IgE production
via IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13.
, ◉ TH17. Answer: Recruits neutrophils through IL-17.
◉ Treg. Answer: Suppresses immune responses using IL-10 and TGF-
β.
◉ CD8⁺ T Cells. Answer: Responsible for cytotoxic killing via
perforin/granzymes or FasL.
◉ B Cell Activation. Answer: Requires CD40-CD40L interaction and
IL-4/IL-5 from CD4⁺ T cells.
◉ Class Switching. Answer: The process where B cells change the
class of antibody they produce, influenced by cytokines.
◉ IL-4. Answer: Promotes class switching to IgE and IgG.
◉ IL-5. Answer: Promotes class switching to IgA.
◉ Antibody Types. Answer: Includes IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgD,
each with distinct functions.
◉ IgM. Answer: The first antibody produced; exists as a pentamer.
