Foundations of Nursing Final Exam | Jersey College 2026/2027
OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT - EXAM
Foundations of Nursing Final Exam | Jersey
College 2026/2027 | Complete Study Guide |
Key Concepts & Topics | NCLEX
Fundamentals Review
Undergraduate Nursing | Associate Degree Level | NCLEX Fundamentals
A+ Verified Passing Score
Edition 2026/2027 80%
COVER PAGE - 1
, SECTIONS COVERED
1. Nursing Process and Critical Thinking
2. Infection Prevention and Control
3. Health Assessment and Vital Signs
4. Medication Administration and Safety
5. Basic Patient Care, Mobility, and Comfort
Exam Information
This examination assesses foundational nursing knowledge at the associate degree level.
Each question is worth 1 mark. Total marks: 50. Minimum passing score: 80% (40 correct).
Apply clinical reasoning to each scenario. Select the single best answer for every item.
Section 1: Nursing Process and Critical Thinking
Q1
Q1. A nurse is caring for a newly admitted client who reports severe abdominal pain rated 8/10. After completing the initial
assessment, the nurse prioritizes interventions. Which action demonstrates the correct application of the nursing process during
the planning phase?
A. Document the client's pain score and notify the charge nurse of findings
B. Establish measurable goals for pain reduction within the next 4 hours
C. Administer the prescribed analgesic and reassess pain in 30 minutes
D. Review the client's medical history for previous abdominal surgeries
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The planning phase of the nursing process involves setting prioritized, measurable goals and expected outcomes based on
assessment data. Establishing a goal for pain reduction is a planning activity. Administering medication is implementation, while documentation
and history review are assessment-related actions.
Q2
Q2. During morning rounds, a nurse notices that a postoperative client has developed new onset confusion and restlessness. The
nurse uses critical thinking to determine the next steps. Which action best reflects prioritization based on Maslow's hierarchy of
needs?
A. Encourage the client to discuss feelings about the recent surgery
B. Assess the client's oxygen saturation and respiratory status first
C. Request a psychiatric consultation for possible delirium
D. Provide education about expected postoperative recovery stages
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Maslow's hierarchy prioritizes physiological needs such as oxygenation before psychological or educational needs. New onset
confusion in a postoperative client may indicate hypoxia, which must be ruled out first. Addressing emotional or educational needs occurs only
after physiological stability is confirmed.
Foundations of Nursing Final Exam | Jersey College 2026/2027 | Complet... Page 2
, Q3
Q3. A nursing student is evaluating the effectiveness of a care plan for a client with impaired skin integrity. The client has a stage 2
pressure injury on the sacrum. Which finding indicates that the expected outcome has been met?
A. The wound bed shows 30% necrotic tissue remaining after 5 days
B. The client reports understanding of pressure redistribution techniques
C. The sacral wound has decreased in size and shows granulation tissue
D. The nursing assistant completed scheduled turning every 2 hours
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Evaluation focuses on whether the client outcome was achieved. Decreased wound size with granulation tissue demonstrates actual
improvement in skin integrity. Client understanding and staff compliance are process measures, not outcome measures of wound healing.
Q4
Q4. A nurse is reviewing a care plan and notices that several interventions for a client with chronic heart failure are not producing
the expected results. Which step of the nursing process should the nurse perform next?
A. Discontinue all current interventions and start a new plan immediately
B. Reassess the client and revise the care plan based on new data
C. Continue the same interventions for another 48 hours before changing
D. Transfer the client to a higher level of care without further assessment
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: When expected outcomes are not met, the nurse returns to assessment to gather current data and then revises the plan accordingly.
The nursing process is cyclical. Abruptly discontinuing care or transferring without reassessment is not appropriate nursing process application.
Q5
Q5. A client with type 2 diabetes is admitted for hyperglycemia. The nurse formulates the nursing diagnosis 'Ineffective Health
Management related to knowledge deficit as evidenced by hemoglobin A1c of 10.2% and reports of inconsistent medication
adherence.' Which component of this diagnosis represents the etiology?
A. Ineffective Health Management
B. Knowledge deficit
C. Hemoglobin A1c of 10.2%
D. Inconsistent medication adherence
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In a PES (Problem-Etiology-Symptoms) nursing diagnosis, the etiology is the 'related to' factor, which here is knowledge deficit. The
problem is Ineffective Health Management, and the symptoms are the defining characteristics such as elevated A1c and nonadherence.
Q6
Q6. A charge nurse is mentoring a new graduate who is struggling to organize care for four assigned clients. Which strategy best
supports the development of clinical judgment in the novice nurse?
A. Have the graduate nurse observe only for the first two weeks without client assignments
B. Encourage the graduate to complete tasks in the order they appear on the assignment sheet
C. Guide the graduate through prioritizing clients using acuity and ABC principles
D. Assign the graduate only stable clients and avoid complex decision-making situations
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Clinical judgment develops through guided prioritization using frameworks such as ABC (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) and client
acuity. Mentoring through active prioritization builds critical thinking. Avoiding complex situations or rigid task lists does not promote clinical
judgment growth.
Foundations of Nursing Final Exam | Jersey College 2026/2027 | Complet... Page 3
OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT - EXAM
Foundations of Nursing Final Exam | Jersey
College 2026/2027 | Complete Study Guide |
Key Concepts & Topics | NCLEX
Fundamentals Review
Undergraduate Nursing | Associate Degree Level | NCLEX Fundamentals
A+ Verified Passing Score
Edition 2026/2027 80%
COVER PAGE - 1
, SECTIONS COVERED
1. Nursing Process and Critical Thinking
2. Infection Prevention and Control
3. Health Assessment and Vital Signs
4. Medication Administration and Safety
5. Basic Patient Care, Mobility, and Comfort
Exam Information
This examination assesses foundational nursing knowledge at the associate degree level.
Each question is worth 1 mark. Total marks: 50. Minimum passing score: 80% (40 correct).
Apply clinical reasoning to each scenario. Select the single best answer for every item.
Section 1: Nursing Process and Critical Thinking
Q1
Q1. A nurse is caring for a newly admitted client who reports severe abdominal pain rated 8/10. After completing the initial
assessment, the nurse prioritizes interventions. Which action demonstrates the correct application of the nursing process during
the planning phase?
A. Document the client's pain score and notify the charge nurse of findings
B. Establish measurable goals for pain reduction within the next 4 hours
C. Administer the prescribed analgesic and reassess pain in 30 minutes
D. Review the client's medical history for previous abdominal surgeries
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The planning phase of the nursing process involves setting prioritized, measurable goals and expected outcomes based on
assessment data. Establishing a goal for pain reduction is a planning activity. Administering medication is implementation, while documentation
and history review are assessment-related actions.
Q2
Q2. During morning rounds, a nurse notices that a postoperative client has developed new onset confusion and restlessness. The
nurse uses critical thinking to determine the next steps. Which action best reflects prioritization based on Maslow's hierarchy of
needs?
A. Encourage the client to discuss feelings about the recent surgery
B. Assess the client's oxygen saturation and respiratory status first
C. Request a psychiatric consultation for possible delirium
D. Provide education about expected postoperative recovery stages
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Maslow's hierarchy prioritizes physiological needs such as oxygenation before psychological or educational needs. New onset
confusion in a postoperative client may indicate hypoxia, which must be ruled out first. Addressing emotional or educational needs occurs only
after physiological stability is confirmed.
Foundations of Nursing Final Exam | Jersey College 2026/2027 | Complet... Page 2
, Q3
Q3. A nursing student is evaluating the effectiveness of a care plan for a client with impaired skin integrity. The client has a stage 2
pressure injury on the sacrum. Which finding indicates that the expected outcome has been met?
A. The wound bed shows 30% necrotic tissue remaining after 5 days
B. The client reports understanding of pressure redistribution techniques
C. The sacral wound has decreased in size and shows granulation tissue
D. The nursing assistant completed scheduled turning every 2 hours
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Evaluation focuses on whether the client outcome was achieved. Decreased wound size with granulation tissue demonstrates actual
improvement in skin integrity. Client understanding and staff compliance are process measures, not outcome measures of wound healing.
Q4
Q4. A nurse is reviewing a care plan and notices that several interventions for a client with chronic heart failure are not producing
the expected results. Which step of the nursing process should the nurse perform next?
A. Discontinue all current interventions and start a new plan immediately
B. Reassess the client and revise the care plan based on new data
C. Continue the same interventions for another 48 hours before changing
D. Transfer the client to a higher level of care without further assessment
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: When expected outcomes are not met, the nurse returns to assessment to gather current data and then revises the plan accordingly.
The nursing process is cyclical. Abruptly discontinuing care or transferring without reassessment is not appropriate nursing process application.
Q5
Q5. A client with type 2 diabetes is admitted for hyperglycemia. The nurse formulates the nursing diagnosis 'Ineffective Health
Management related to knowledge deficit as evidenced by hemoglobin A1c of 10.2% and reports of inconsistent medication
adherence.' Which component of this diagnosis represents the etiology?
A. Ineffective Health Management
B. Knowledge deficit
C. Hemoglobin A1c of 10.2%
D. Inconsistent medication adherence
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In a PES (Problem-Etiology-Symptoms) nursing diagnosis, the etiology is the 'related to' factor, which here is knowledge deficit. The
problem is Ineffective Health Management, and the symptoms are the defining characteristics such as elevated A1c and nonadherence.
Q6
Q6. A charge nurse is mentoring a new graduate who is struggling to organize care for four assigned clients. Which strategy best
supports the development of clinical judgment in the novice nurse?
A. Have the graduate nurse observe only for the first two weeks without client assignments
B. Encourage the graduate to complete tasks in the order they appear on the assignment sheet
C. Guide the graduate through prioritizing clients using acuity and ABC principles
D. Assign the graduate only stable clients and avoid complex decision-making situations
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Clinical judgment develops through guided prioritization using frameworks such as ABC (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) and client
acuity. Mentoring through active prioritization builds critical thinking. Avoiding complex situations or rigid task lists does not promote clinical
judgment growth.
Foundations of Nursing Final Exam | Jersey College 2026/2027 | Complet... Page 3
