HCS 213 Exam 1 Questions With
Verified Answers
gap junctions - ANSWER link adjacent cells and are formed by connexins
movement of ions throygh gap junctions electrically couples the cells so that the
electrical signals in one cell are directly transmitted to the neighboring cell
gap junctions are in the hearrt and smooth muslce
connexins - ANSWER plasma membrane proteins that form structures called
connexins
connexons - ANSWER form channels that allow ions and small molecules to pass
connexons - ANSWER link adjacent cells (their cytosols)
communication via second messengers - ANSWER secretory cell releases a
messenger into the extracellular fluid and the messenger binds to the receptors
on the target cells triggering a response in the cell
ligands - ANSWER bind proteins reversibly
chemical messengers - ANSWER one cell release a chemical into the intersitial
fluid usually by a process called secretion and another cell called the target cell
that responds to the chemical messenger
receptors - ANSWER proteins on a target cell that recognize a chemical
messenger in sensory systems dectors of stimuli
signal transduction - ANSWER binding of chemical messenger to receptors
brings about a response in a target cell
,number of bound receptors depends on both the - ANSWER concentration of the
messenger in the intersitial fluid and concentration of receptors on the target
cells
enzymes - ANSWER increase in concentration of or substrate increases
chemical rxn rate
3 categories of chemical messengers - ANSWER 1. paracrine
2. neurotransmitters
3. hormones
PNH
paracrine - ANSWER secreted by one cell and diffuse to a nearby target cell
neurotransmitters - ANSWER secreted from neurons at functionally specialized
structures called synapses
hormones - ANSWER secreted by the endocrine cells into the intersitial fluid
paracrine - ANSWER communicates by simply diffusion
paracrine examples - ANSWER 1. growth factors
2. clotting factors
3. cytokines
mast cells secrete - ANSWER histamine
paracrine cell
autocrines - ANSWER subclass of paracrines tat act on the same cell that
ecretes them
the secretory cell is also the target cell
neurotransmitters - ANSWER chemicals released into interisital fluid by neurons
neurotransmitters are released from a portion of the neuron called - ANSWER
axon terminal
junction between axon terminal and target cell - ANSWER synapse
hormones - ANSWER chemical messengers released from endocrine cells or
glands into intersitial fluid were they diffuse into the blood and travel to target
cells
travels in the blood to its target cells
neurohormones - ANSWER special class of hormones released by
neurosecreotyr cells
, neurohoromone examples - ANSWER vasopressin, ADH
lipopilic (hydrophobic) - ANSWER lipid soluble and cross the plasmam
membrane
lipophobic (hydrophilic) - ANSWER water soluble and dissolve in plasma but do
not cross the membrane
5 classes of chemical messengers - ANSWER 1. amino acids
2. amines
3. peptides/proteins
4. steroids
5. eicosanoids
catecholamines - ANSWER catechol group (six carbon ring)
derived from the amino acid tyrosine
they include dopamine norepinephrine, and epinehphrine
serotonin - ANSWER amine neurotransmitter
derived from tryptophan
thyroid homrones - ANSWER tyrosine
paracrine - ANSWER histamine
eicosanoid messengers - ANSWER derivatives of arachidonic acid which is a 20
carbon fatty acid in plasmam membrane pospholipids and they readily cross the
plasmam mmembrane and re hydropobic
eicosanoids include the following: - ANSWER prostaglandins, leuotrienes,
thromboxanes
amino acid neurotransmitters are - ANSWER transported into vesicles where
they are stored until exocytosis
catecholamines - ANSWER dopamine is a precursor for norepinpeprhine which
in turn servers as a precursor for epinperine
after dopamine is synthesized it is - ANSWER transported into vesicles where it
is stored fo later released by exocytosis or used as a substrate for the synthesis
of norepinpehrine
dopamine B-hydroxylase - ANSWER converts dopamine to norepinephrine
Verified Answers
gap junctions - ANSWER link adjacent cells and are formed by connexins
movement of ions throygh gap junctions electrically couples the cells so that the
electrical signals in one cell are directly transmitted to the neighboring cell
gap junctions are in the hearrt and smooth muslce
connexins - ANSWER plasma membrane proteins that form structures called
connexins
connexons - ANSWER form channels that allow ions and small molecules to pass
connexons - ANSWER link adjacent cells (their cytosols)
communication via second messengers - ANSWER secretory cell releases a
messenger into the extracellular fluid and the messenger binds to the receptors
on the target cells triggering a response in the cell
ligands - ANSWER bind proteins reversibly
chemical messengers - ANSWER one cell release a chemical into the intersitial
fluid usually by a process called secretion and another cell called the target cell
that responds to the chemical messenger
receptors - ANSWER proteins on a target cell that recognize a chemical
messenger in sensory systems dectors of stimuli
signal transduction - ANSWER binding of chemical messenger to receptors
brings about a response in a target cell
,number of bound receptors depends on both the - ANSWER concentration of the
messenger in the intersitial fluid and concentration of receptors on the target
cells
enzymes - ANSWER increase in concentration of or substrate increases
chemical rxn rate
3 categories of chemical messengers - ANSWER 1. paracrine
2. neurotransmitters
3. hormones
PNH
paracrine - ANSWER secreted by one cell and diffuse to a nearby target cell
neurotransmitters - ANSWER secreted from neurons at functionally specialized
structures called synapses
hormones - ANSWER secreted by the endocrine cells into the intersitial fluid
paracrine - ANSWER communicates by simply diffusion
paracrine examples - ANSWER 1. growth factors
2. clotting factors
3. cytokines
mast cells secrete - ANSWER histamine
paracrine cell
autocrines - ANSWER subclass of paracrines tat act on the same cell that
ecretes them
the secretory cell is also the target cell
neurotransmitters - ANSWER chemicals released into interisital fluid by neurons
neurotransmitters are released from a portion of the neuron called - ANSWER
axon terminal
junction between axon terminal and target cell - ANSWER synapse
hormones - ANSWER chemical messengers released from endocrine cells or
glands into intersitial fluid were they diffuse into the blood and travel to target
cells
travels in the blood to its target cells
neurohormones - ANSWER special class of hormones released by
neurosecreotyr cells
, neurohoromone examples - ANSWER vasopressin, ADH
lipopilic (hydrophobic) - ANSWER lipid soluble and cross the plasmam
membrane
lipophobic (hydrophilic) - ANSWER water soluble and dissolve in plasma but do
not cross the membrane
5 classes of chemical messengers - ANSWER 1. amino acids
2. amines
3. peptides/proteins
4. steroids
5. eicosanoids
catecholamines - ANSWER catechol group (six carbon ring)
derived from the amino acid tyrosine
they include dopamine norepinephrine, and epinehphrine
serotonin - ANSWER amine neurotransmitter
derived from tryptophan
thyroid homrones - ANSWER tyrosine
paracrine - ANSWER histamine
eicosanoid messengers - ANSWER derivatives of arachidonic acid which is a 20
carbon fatty acid in plasmam membrane pospholipids and they readily cross the
plasmam mmembrane and re hydropobic
eicosanoids include the following: - ANSWER prostaglandins, leuotrienes,
thromboxanes
amino acid neurotransmitters are - ANSWER transported into vesicles where
they are stored until exocytosis
catecholamines - ANSWER dopamine is a precursor for norepinpeprhine which
in turn servers as a precursor for epinperine
after dopamine is synthesized it is - ANSWER transported into vesicles where it
is stored fo later released by exocytosis or used as a substrate for the synthesis
of norepinpehrine
dopamine B-hydroxylase - ANSWER converts dopamine to norepinephrine
