NUR 265 Exam 1 with
questions and well verified
answers actual exam!!!
2026
What are key features of nephrotic syndrome? - ANSWER --*Massive proteinuria*
-*Hypoalbuminemia*
-*Edema (facial and periorbital)*
-Lipiduria
-Hyperlipidemia
-Increased coagulation
-Reduced kidney function
In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss in the urine is greater than what? -
ANSWER -3.5g in 24 hours
What is nephrotic syndrome treated with? - ANSWER --immunosuppressant agents (if
immunity based).
-ACE inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine)
-statins (improve blood lipid levels).
-Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney function)
What is nephrotic syndrome? - ANSWER -A condition of increased glomerular
permeability that allows larger molecules to pass through the membrane into the urine and
then be excreted.
,Describe the "risk" stage for AKI - ANSWER -creatinine x 1.5 of normal, and GFR reduced
by 25%
Describe the "injury" stage for AKI - ANSWER -creatinine x2 & GFR reduced by 50%
Describe the "failure" stage for AKI - ANSWER -creatinine x3 normal, & GFR reduced by
75% (Cant fix)
Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples. - ANSWER -Decreased perfusion to kidneys.
-NSAIDs
-Severe dehydration
-Renal artery stenosis
-MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac output
-Blood/ fluid loss
Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples. - ANSWER -Tissue damage to the actual kidneys.
-Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli
-Sepsis
-Intrarenal bleeding
-Pyelonephritis
Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples. - ANSWER -Obstruction that occurs after the
kidney.
-Enlarged prostate (BPH)
-Bladder Cancer
-Kidney stones
, How do you determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP)? - ANSWER -Systolic +
(Diastolic*2) /3
What is the MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys? - ANSWER -65 mmHg
What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs? - ANSWER --NSAIDS
-Metformin
-Diuretics
-Antibiotics (especially -mycin)
-Contrast dye
During the diuretic phase of AKI, what needs to be monitored? - ANSWER -Watch for
dehydration and make sure output is greater than input
What are the dietary restrictions for an AKI patient? - ANSWER --Low protein
-Low sodium
-Fluid restriction: 1000-1500mL day (for anything except perfusion problem)
What are the 2 most common causes of CKD? - ANSWER --HTN
-Uncontrolled diabetes
What is azotemia? - ANSWER -Nitrogenous waste build up
What are manifestations of uremia? - ANSWER -•Metallic taste in mouth
•Anorexia
•Nausea/vomiting
•Muscle cramps
•Uremic frost on skin
•Itching
•Fatigue and lethargy
•Hiccups
questions and well verified
answers actual exam!!!
2026
What are key features of nephrotic syndrome? - ANSWER --*Massive proteinuria*
-*Hypoalbuminemia*
-*Edema (facial and periorbital)*
-Lipiduria
-Hyperlipidemia
-Increased coagulation
-Reduced kidney function
In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss in the urine is greater than what? -
ANSWER -3.5g in 24 hours
What is nephrotic syndrome treated with? - ANSWER --immunosuppressant agents (if
immunity based).
-ACE inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine)
-statins (improve blood lipid levels).
-Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney function)
What is nephrotic syndrome? - ANSWER -A condition of increased glomerular
permeability that allows larger molecules to pass through the membrane into the urine and
then be excreted.
,Describe the "risk" stage for AKI - ANSWER -creatinine x 1.5 of normal, and GFR reduced
by 25%
Describe the "injury" stage for AKI - ANSWER -creatinine x2 & GFR reduced by 50%
Describe the "failure" stage for AKI - ANSWER -creatinine x3 normal, & GFR reduced by
75% (Cant fix)
Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples. - ANSWER -Decreased perfusion to kidneys.
-NSAIDs
-Severe dehydration
-Renal artery stenosis
-MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac output
-Blood/ fluid loss
Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples. - ANSWER -Tissue damage to the actual kidneys.
-Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli
-Sepsis
-Intrarenal bleeding
-Pyelonephritis
Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples. - ANSWER -Obstruction that occurs after the
kidney.
-Enlarged prostate (BPH)
-Bladder Cancer
-Kidney stones
, How do you determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP)? - ANSWER -Systolic +
(Diastolic*2) /3
What is the MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys? - ANSWER -65 mmHg
What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs? - ANSWER --NSAIDS
-Metformin
-Diuretics
-Antibiotics (especially -mycin)
-Contrast dye
During the diuretic phase of AKI, what needs to be monitored? - ANSWER -Watch for
dehydration and make sure output is greater than input
What are the dietary restrictions for an AKI patient? - ANSWER --Low protein
-Low sodium
-Fluid restriction: 1000-1500mL day (for anything except perfusion problem)
What are the 2 most common causes of CKD? - ANSWER --HTN
-Uncontrolled diabetes
What is azotemia? - ANSWER -Nitrogenous waste build up
What are manifestations of uremia? - ANSWER -•Metallic taste in mouth
•Anorexia
•Nausea/vomiting
•Muscle cramps
•Uremic frost on skin
•Itching
•Fatigue and lethargy
•Hiccups
