Pathophysiology Midterm
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, Pathophysiology Midterm
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1. What are the 3 major parts of a cell? Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus.
2. What is the main function of the cell Selective barrier that controls movement of
membrane? substances into and out of the cell.
3. What is the main function of the cyto- Contains organelles and is the site of many
plasm? metabolic reactions.
4. What is the main function of the nucleus? Stores DNA and regulates gene expres-
sion/protein synthesis.
5. What is meant by the body's "internal Extracellular fluid (ECF) that bathes cells.
environment"?
6. Define hypertrophy. Increase in cell size (often due to increased
workload).
7. Define hyperplasia. Increase in cell number.
8. Define atrophy. Decrease in cell size and function due to dis-
use, denervation, poor nutrition, aging, etc.
9. Define metaplasia Reversible replacement of one mature cell
type with another better suited to stress.
10. What is the general pattern of reversible Cell swelling and mild organelle dysfunction
cell injury? that can recover if the stress is removed.
11. What is the general pattern of irre- Severe membrane/mitochondrial damage
versible cell injury? leading to cell death.
12. Name common causes of cellular injury. Hypoxia/ischemia, toxins, infection, immune
injury, physical agents, nutritional imbalance,
genetic defects.
, Pathophysiology Midterm
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ivkq5d
13. Name key mechanisms of cellular injury. ATP depletion, oxidative stress, Ca²⁺ dysregu-
lation, membrane permeability changes.
14. What is apoptosis? Programmed cell death with minimal inflam-
mation.
15. What is necrosis? Uncontrolled cell death with membrane rup-
ture and inflammation.
16. Why does necrosis cause inflammation? Cell contents spill into surrounding tissue and
trigger inflammatory response.
17. What are the 2 main body fluid compart- Intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid
ments? (ECF).
18. What are the main components of ECF? Interstitial fluid and intravascular fluid (plas-
ma).
19. Name examples of "third-space" or spe- CSF, pleural, peritoneal, synovial (examples
cialized fluids. acceptable).
20. What is an isotonic fluid alteration? Total body water changes with proportional
electrolyte change (osmolality unchanged).
21. What is a hypertonic fluid alteration? Relative water deficit or sodium gain ’in-
creased osmolality.
22. What is a hypotonic fluid alteration? Relative water excess or sodium loss ’de-
creased osmolality.
23. What is a locus? The chromosomal location a gene occupies.
24. What is an allele? An alternate version of a gene at a locus.
25. Define homozygous. Two identical alleles for a gene.
| Complete Exam Study Guide,
Practice Questions, Answers & ATI
Review Material
, Pathophysiology Midterm
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ivkq5d
1. What are the 3 major parts of a cell? Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus.
2. What is the main function of the cell Selective barrier that controls movement of
membrane? substances into and out of the cell.
3. What is the main function of the cyto- Contains organelles and is the site of many
plasm? metabolic reactions.
4. What is the main function of the nucleus? Stores DNA and regulates gene expres-
sion/protein synthesis.
5. What is meant by the body's "internal Extracellular fluid (ECF) that bathes cells.
environment"?
6. Define hypertrophy. Increase in cell size (often due to increased
workload).
7. Define hyperplasia. Increase in cell number.
8. Define atrophy. Decrease in cell size and function due to dis-
use, denervation, poor nutrition, aging, etc.
9. Define metaplasia Reversible replacement of one mature cell
type with another better suited to stress.
10. What is the general pattern of reversible Cell swelling and mild organelle dysfunction
cell injury? that can recover if the stress is removed.
11. What is the general pattern of irre- Severe membrane/mitochondrial damage
versible cell injury? leading to cell death.
12. Name common causes of cellular injury. Hypoxia/ischemia, toxins, infection, immune
injury, physical agents, nutritional imbalance,
genetic defects.
, Pathophysiology Midterm
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ivkq5d
13. Name key mechanisms of cellular injury. ATP depletion, oxidative stress, Ca²⁺ dysregu-
lation, membrane permeability changes.
14. What is apoptosis? Programmed cell death with minimal inflam-
mation.
15. What is necrosis? Uncontrolled cell death with membrane rup-
ture and inflammation.
16. Why does necrosis cause inflammation? Cell contents spill into surrounding tissue and
trigger inflammatory response.
17. What are the 2 main body fluid compart- Intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid
ments? (ECF).
18. What are the main components of ECF? Interstitial fluid and intravascular fluid (plas-
ma).
19. Name examples of "third-space" or spe- CSF, pleural, peritoneal, synovial (examples
cialized fluids. acceptable).
20. What is an isotonic fluid alteration? Total body water changes with proportional
electrolyte change (osmolality unchanged).
21. What is a hypertonic fluid alteration? Relative water deficit or sodium gain ’in-
creased osmolality.
22. What is a hypotonic fluid alteration? Relative water excess or sodium loss ’de-
creased osmolality.
23. What is a locus? The chromosomal location a gene occupies.
24. What is an allele? An alternate version of a gene at a locus.
25. Define homozygous. Two identical alleles for a gene.
