NR 507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS WITH DETAILED RATIONALES
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026
EDITION GRADE A+
What are other causes of Addison disease? - CORRECT ANSWER-Other
causes include infections (tuberculosis, fungal infections, human
immunodeficiency virus [HIV]), infiltrative diseases (amyloidosis,
metastatic carcinoma), or bilateral adrenal hemorrhage.
What are characteristics of Addison's? - CORRECT ANSWER-Addison
disease is characterized by inadequate corticosteroid and mineralocorticoid
synthesis and elevated serum ACTH levels.
CHAPTER 40 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM -
CORRECT ANSWER-GOOD LUCK!!
THE GI TRACT CONSISTS OF THE_____________________ -
CORRECT ANSWER-consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.
How many layers does the GI tract consist of? - CORRECT ANSWER-4,
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa or adventitia
,What is located solely in the GI tract - CORRECT ANSWER-Neurons forming
the enteric nervous system are located solely within the gastrointestinal
tract and are controlled by local and autonomic nervous system stimuli.
What are three pairs of salivary glands? - CORRECT ANSWER-The three
pairs of salivary glands (the submandibular, sublingual, and parotid glands)
(Figure 40-3) secrete about 1 L of saliva per day.
What does saliva consist of? - CORRECT ANSWER-Saliva consists mostly of
water that contains varying amounts of mucus, sodium, bicarbonate,
chloride, potassium, and salivary α-amylase (ptyalin), an enzyme that
initiates carbohydrate digestion in the mouth and stomach.
The pharynx and upper third of the esophagus contain - CORRECT
ANSWER-striated muscle innervated by skeletal motor neurons.
Swallowing occurs in two phases: - CORRECT ANSWER-the oropharyngeal
(voluntary) phase and the esophageal (involuntary) phase. During the oral
and pharyngeal phases of swallowing, food is segmented into a bolus by the
tongue and forced posteriorly toward the pharynx as the tongue pushes
upward against the hard palate.
pyloric sphincter, - CORRECT ANSWER-relaxes as food is propelled into the
duodenum.
Functional areas of the stomach are the - CORRECT ANSWER-the fundus
(upper portion), body (middle portion), and antrum (lower portion).
,Blood is supplied to the stomach by branches of the - CORRECT ANSWER-
celiac artery
The vagus nerve - CORRECT ANSWER-provides parasympathetic
innervation and branches of the celiac plexus innervate the stomach
sympathetically.
Other neurons are intrinsic; that is, they originate within the stomach and
respond to local stimuli and are components of the enteric nervous system.
Extrinsic sympathetic fibers reach the stomach through the - CORRECT
ANSWER-celiac plexus (solar plexus), whereas extrinsic parasympathetic
fibers enter through the gastric branch of the vagus nerve.
The stomach mucosa is impermeable - CORRECT ANSWER-to water, but the
stomach can absorb alcohol and aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory agents.
Swallowing causes the fundus to relax (receptive relaxation) to receive a
bolus of food from the esophagus. Relaxation is coordinated by efferent,
nonadrenergic, noncholinergic vagal fibers and is facilitated by - CORRECT
ANSWER-gastrin and cholecystokinin, two polypeptide hormones secreted
by the gastrointestinal mucosa.
SELECTED HORMONES AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS OF THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM∗ - CORRECT ANSWER-Gastrin Histamine,
somatostatin, acetylcholine, bombesin(Gastric releasing peptide),
acetylcholine, Secretin, Cholecystokinin
, Products of fat digestion, which are formed in the duodenum by the action
of bile from the liver and enzymes from the pancreas, stimulate the
secretion of - CORRECT ANSWER-cholecystokinin
Intrinsic factor is necessary for the intestinal absorption of - CORRECT
ANSWER-vitamin B12 and gastroferrin facilitates small intestinal
absorption of iron.
The parietal cells (oxyntic cells) within the glands secrete - CORRECT
ANSWER-hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and gastroferrin.
Solids, fats, and nonisotonic solutions delay gastric - CORRECT ANSWER-
emptying.
The chief cells within the glands - CORRECT ANSWER-secrete pepsinogen,
an enzyme precursor that is readily converted to pepsin (a proteolytic
enzyme) in the gastric fluid.
The major functions of gastric hydrochloric acid are to dissolve - CORRECT
ANSWER-food fibers, act as a bactericide against swallowed organisms, and
convert pepsinogen to pepsin.
The vagus nerve releases ACh and stimulates the secretion of histamine and
gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), which stimulates release of - CORRECT
ANSWER-gastrin
FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS WITH DETAILED RATIONALES
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026
EDITION GRADE A+
What are other causes of Addison disease? - CORRECT ANSWER-Other
causes include infections (tuberculosis, fungal infections, human
immunodeficiency virus [HIV]), infiltrative diseases (amyloidosis,
metastatic carcinoma), or bilateral adrenal hemorrhage.
What are characteristics of Addison's? - CORRECT ANSWER-Addison
disease is characterized by inadequate corticosteroid and mineralocorticoid
synthesis and elevated serum ACTH levels.
CHAPTER 40 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM -
CORRECT ANSWER-GOOD LUCK!!
THE GI TRACT CONSISTS OF THE_____________________ -
CORRECT ANSWER-consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.
How many layers does the GI tract consist of? - CORRECT ANSWER-4,
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa or adventitia
,What is located solely in the GI tract - CORRECT ANSWER-Neurons forming
the enteric nervous system are located solely within the gastrointestinal
tract and are controlled by local and autonomic nervous system stimuli.
What are three pairs of salivary glands? - CORRECT ANSWER-The three
pairs of salivary glands (the submandibular, sublingual, and parotid glands)
(Figure 40-3) secrete about 1 L of saliva per day.
What does saliva consist of? - CORRECT ANSWER-Saliva consists mostly of
water that contains varying amounts of mucus, sodium, bicarbonate,
chloride, potassium, and salivary α-amylase (ptyalin), an enzyme that
initiates carbohydrate digestion in the mouth and stomach.
The pharynx and upper third of the esophagus contain - CORRECT
ANSWER-striated muscle innervated by skeletal motor neurons.
Swallowing occurs in two phases: - CORRECT ANSWER-the oropharyngeal
(voluntary) phase and the esophageal (involuntary) phase. During the oral
and pharyngeal phases of swallowing, food is segmented into a bolus by the
tongue and forced posteriorly toward the pharynx as the tongue pushes
upward against the hard palate.
pyloric sphincter, - CORRECT ANSWER-relaxes as food is propelled into the
duodenum.
Functional areas of the stomach are the - CORRECT ANSWER-the fundus
(upper portion), body (middle portion), and antrum (lower portion).
,Blood is supplied to the stomach by branches of the - CORRECT ANSWER-
celiac artery
The vagus nerve - CORRECT ANSWER-provides parasympathetic
innervation and branches of the celiac plexus innervate the stomach
sympathetically.
Other neurons are intrinsic; that is, they originate within the stomach and
respond to local stimuli and are components of the enteric nervous system.
Extrinsic sympathetic fibers reach the stomach through the - CORRECT
ANSWER-celiac plexus (solar plexus), whereas extrinsic parasympathetic
fibers enter through the gastric branch of the vagus nerve.
The stomach mucosa is impermeable - CORRECT ANSWER-to water, but the
stomach can absorb alcohol and aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory agents.
Swallowing causes the fundus to relax (receptive relaxation) to receive a
bolus of food from the esophagus. Relaxation is coordinated by efferent,
nonadrenergic, noncholinergic vagal fibers and is facilitated by - CORRECT
ANSWER-gastrin and cholecystokinin, two polypeptide hormones secreted
by the gastrointestinal mucosa.
SELECTED HORMONES AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS OF THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM∗ - CORRECT ANSWER-Gastrin Histamine,
somatostatin, acetylcholine, bombesin(Gastric releasing peptide),
acetylcholine, Secretin, Cholecystokinin
, Products of fat digestion, which are formed in the duodenum by the action
of bile from the liver and enzymes from the pancreas, stimulate the
secretion of - CORRECT ANSWER-cholecystokinin
Intrinsic factor is necessary for the intestinal absorption of - CORRECT
ANSWER-vitamin B12 and gastroferrin facilitates small intestinal
absorption of iron.
The parietal cells (oxyntic cells) within the glands secrete - CORRECT
ANSWER-hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and gastroferrin.
Solids, fats, and nonisotonic solutions delay gastric - CORRECT ANSWER-
emptying.
The chief cells within the glands - CORRECT ANSWER-secrete pepsinogen,
an enzyme precursor that is readily converted to pepsin (a proteolytic
enzyme) in the gastric fluid.
The major functions of gastric hydrochloric acid are to dissolve - CORRECT
ANSWER-food fibers, act as a bactericide against swallowed organisms, and
convert pepsinogen to pepsin.
The vagus nerve releases ACh and stimulates the secretion of histamine and
gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), which stimulates release of - CORRECT
ANSWER-gastrin
