BIOL252: Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab - Final
Exam Review WITH CORRECT ANSWERS WELL VERIFIED
LATEST EDITION !
SECTION 1: BLOOD & HEMATOLOGY (Questions 1-15)
Question 1
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
A) Transportation of oxygen and nutrients
B) Regulation of body temperature
C) Production of antibodies
D) Protection against blood loss through clotting
Correct ANSWER: C) Production of antibodies
Rationale: While blood does contain antibodies (produced by plasma cells derived from B lymphocytes),
the actual production of antibodies occurs in lymphoid tissues, not in the blood itself. Blood functions
include transportation (oxygen, nutrients, hormones, waste), regulation (pH, temperature, fluid
balance), and protection (clotting and immune defense through circulating white blood cells and
antibodies). Antibody production is an immune system function that takes place primarily in lymph
nodes, spleen, and bone marrow.
Question 2
What is the normal pH range of human blood?
A) 6.8-7.0
,B) 7.0-7.2
C) 7.35-7.45
D) 7.5-7.7
Correct ANSWER: C) 7.35-7.45
Rationale: Human blood is slightly alkaline (basic) with a normal pH range of 7.35 to 7.45. This narrow
range is critical for proper physiological function. Blood pH below 7.35 is called acidosis, and above 7.45
is called alkalosis. Both conditions can be life-threatening if not corrected. The body maintains this pH
through buffer systems (bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein buffers) and respiratory and renal
compensation mechanisms.
Question 3
Which plasma protein is most responsible for maintaining blood osmotic pressure?
A) Fibrinogen
B) Globulins
C) Albumin
D) Prothrombin
Correct ANSWER: C) Albumin
Rationale: Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein, making up about 60% of total plasma proteins.
It is primarily responsible for maintaining colloidal osmotic (oncotic) pressure, which prevents fluid from
leaking out of blood vessels into tissues. This pressure is essential for maintaining blood volume and
blood pressure. Fibrinogen is involved in clotting, globulins (alpha, beta, gamma) are involved in
transport and immunity, and prothrombin is a clotting factor.
,Question 4
The hematocrit measures the percentage of blood composed of:
A) Plasma
B) White blood cells and platelets
C) Red blood cells
D) All formed elements
Correct ANSWER: C) Red blood cells
Rationale: Hematocrit (also called packed cell volume or PCV) is the percentage of blood volume that
consists of red blood cells (erythrocytes). Normal values are approximately 40-54% for males and 37-
47% for females. The "buffy coat" (less than 1%) contains white blood cells and platelets, and the
remaining volume (45-60%) is plasma. Hematocrit is used as a screening test for anemia, polycythemia,
and other blood disorders.
Question 5
Erythropoietin (EPO) is primarily produced by which organ?
A) Liver
B) Bone marrow
C) Kidneys
D) Spleen
, Correct ANSWER: C) Kidneys
Rationale: Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone primarily produced by the peritubular
interstitial cells of the kidneys (about 90%) and to a lesser extent by the liver (about 10%). EPO
stimulates the bone marrow to increase red blood cell production in response to low oxygen levels
(hypoxia). Recombinant EPO is used clinically to treat anemia associated with chronic kidney disease,
chemotherapy, and other conditions. This is why patients with kidney failure often develop anemia.
Question 6
Which of the following correctly describes the shape of a mature red blood cell?
A) Spherical with a central nucleus
B) Biconcave disc without a nucleus
C) Irregular shape with multiple nuclei
D) Flat disc with a prominent nucleus
Correct ANSWER: B) Biconcave disc without a nucleus
Rationale: Mature erythrocytes are biconcave discs (shaped like a donut but with a depressed center
rather than a hole) and lack a nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles. This unique shape provides:
Increased surface area for gas exchange
Flexibility to squeeze through narrow capillaries
Stacking ability (rouleaux formation) for efficient flow
Exam Review WITH CORRECT ANSWERS WELL VERIFIED
LATEST EDITION !
SECTION 1: BLOOD & HEMATOLOGY (Questions 1-15)
Question 1
Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?
A) Transportation of oxygen and nutrients
B) Regulation of body temperature
C) Production of antibodies
D) Protection against blood loss through clotting
Correct ANSWER: C) Production of antibodies
Rationale: While blood does contain antibodies (produced by plasma cells derived from B lymphocytes),
the actual production of antibodies occurs in lymphoid tissues, not in the blood itself. Blood functions
include transportation (oxygen, nutrients, hormones, waste), regulation (pH, temperature, fluid
balance), and protection (clotting and immune defense through circulating white blood cells and
antibodies). Antibody production is an immune system function that takes place primarily in lymph
nodes, spleen, and bone marrow.
Question 2
What is the normal pH range of human blood?
A) 6.8-7.0
,B) 7.0-7.2
C) 7.35-7.45
D) 7.5-7.7
Correct ANSWER: C) 7.35-7.45
Rationale: Human blood is slightly alkaline (basic) with a normal pH range of 7.35 to 7.45. This narrow
range is critical for proper physiological function. Blood pH below 7.35 is called acidosis, and above 7.45
is called alkalosis. Both conditions can be life-threatening if not corrected. The body maintains this pH
through buffer systems (bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein buffers) and respiratory and renal
compensation mechanisms.
Question 3
Which plasma protein is most responsible for maintaining blood osmotic pressure?
A) Fibrinogen
B) Globulins
C) Albumin
D) Prothrombin
Correct ANSWER: C) Albumin
Rationale: Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein, making up about 60% of total plasma proteins.
It is primarily responsible for maintaining colloidal osmotic (oncotic) pressure, which prevents fluid from
leaking out of blood vessels into tissues. This pressure is essential for maintaining blood volume and
blood pressure. Fibrinogen is involved in clotting, globulins (alpha, beta, gamma) are involved in
transport and immunity, and prothrombin is a clotting factor.
,Question 4
The hematocrit measures the percentage of blood composed of:
A) Plasma
B) White blood cells and platelets
C) Red blood cells
D) All formed elements
Correct ANSWER: C) Red blood cells
Rationale: Hematocrit (also called packed cell volume or PCV) is the percentage of blood volume that
consists of red blood cells (erythrocytes). Normal values are approximately 40-54% for males and 37-
47% for females. The "buffy coat" (less than 1%) contains white blood cells and platelets, and the
remaining volume (45-60%) is plasma. Hematocrit is used as a screening test for anemia, polycythemia,
and other blood disorders.
Question 5
Erythropoietin (EPO) is primarily produced by which organ?
A) Liver
B) Bone marrow
C) Kidneys
D) Spleen
, Correct ANSWER: C) Kidneys
Rationale: Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone primarily produced by the peritubular
interstitial cells of the kidneys (about 90%) and to a lesser extent by the liver (about 10%). EPO
stimulates the bone marrow to increase red blood cell production in response to low oxygen levels
(hypoxia). Recombinant EPO is used clinically to treat anemia associated with chronic kidney disease,
chemotherapy, and other conditions. This is why patients with kidney failure often develop anemia.
Question 6
Which of the following correctly describes the shape of a mature red blood cell?
A) Spherical with a central nucleus
B) Biconcave disc without a nucleus
C) Irregular shape with multiple nuclei
D) Flat disc with a prominent nucleus
Correct ANSWER: B) Biconcave disc without a nucleus
Rationale: Mature erythrocytes are biconcave discs (shaped like a donut but with a depressed center
rather than a hole) and lack a nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles. This unique shape provides:
Increased surface area for gas exchange
Flexibility to squeeze through narrow capillaries
Stacking ability (rouleaux formation) for efficient flow
