Psych 3325 Exam #1 with Complete
Solutions
HOMER's Guide to the Scientific Method - ANSWER-Hypothesize
Operationalize
Measure
Evaluate
Revise/Replicate
Theory - ANSWER-An integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed
events
Hypothesis - ANSWER-Testable prediction about the conditions under which an event
will occur.
Allows us to test theories.
Gives new directions for research.
Gives us practical knowledge.
Conceptual Definition - ANSWER-General, abstract definition of a variable
Operational Definition - ANSWER-Specific description of a variable that allows it to be
measured and/or manipulated.
Variables must be operationalized in order to conduct a useful experiment.
Descriptive Research - ANSWER-Can be observational studies, archival studies, or
surveys.
Facial Feedback Hypothesis - ANSWER-changes in facial expression can lead to
changes in emotion.
Pen/mouth experiment.
Origins of Self-Knowledge: Social Comparisons - ANSWER-Downward comparisons.
Upward comparisons.
Usually compare to those who are similar or to previous selves.
Do this when uncertain about yourself.
Social Comparisons: Downward Comparisons - ANSWER-comparing yourself to
someone who is worse than you
, Social Comparisons: Upward Comparisons - ANSWER-comparing yourself to someone
who is better at something than you
Origins of Self-Knowledge: Autobiographical Memories - ANSWER-Without memories
of our past we don't know who we are
Origins of Self-Knowledge: Culture - ANSWER-Individualism.
Collectivism.
Can find these same preferences in abstract ideas (Ex: Colored pen study. Unique color
vs. Common color).
Culture: Individualism - ANSWER-Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals.
Western societies (e.g. America)
'Independent' self-concept
Describing yourself in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.
Downward comparisons.
Culture: Collectivism - ANSWER-Giving priority to the group goals and describing the
self by your social identity.
Eastern societies (e.g. Eastern Asia)
'Interdependent' self-concept
Less focus on the self--more on harmony within social groups.
Upward comparisons (Used in an "I can do that too" way).
Self-Schema - ANSWER-Beliefs about the self that guide the processing of self-relevant
information.
Use schemas to filter knowledge.
A 'parent' schema affects how you see the world.
Self-concept ---> Self-schema
Library ---> Books
The Self-Concept - ANSWER-The self-concept is multi-faceted: each person can have
many selves
Self-Complexity - ANSWER-People are said to be more self-complex if they have more
"selves" and if they describe each self in a different way.
Me as a friend, sibling, employee, etc.
These selves are motivating to us.
Self-Esteem - ANSWER-A person's overall positive or negative self-evaluation or sense
of self-worth.
Solutions
HOMER's Guide to the Scientific Method - ANSWER-Hypothesize
Operationalize
Measure
Evaluate
Revise/Replicate
Theory - ANSWER-An integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed
events
Hypothesis - ANSWER-Testable prediction about the conditions under which an event
will occur.
Allows us to test theories.
Gives new directions for research.
Gives us practical knowledge.
Conceptual Definition - ANSWER-General, abstract definition of a variable
Operational Definition - ANSWER-Specific description of a variable that allows it to be
measured and/or manipulated.
Variables must be operationalized in order to conduct a useful experiment.
Descriptive Research - ANSWER-Can be observational studies, archival studies, or
surveys.
Facial Feedback Hypothesis - ANSWER-changes in facial expression can lead to
changes in emotion.
Pen/mouth experiment.
Origins of Self-Knowledge: Social Comparisons - ANSWER-Downward comparisons.
Upward comparisons.
Usually compare to those who are similar or to previous selves.
Do this when uncertain about yourself.
Social Comparisons: Downward Comparisons - ANSWER-comparing yourself to
someone who is worse than you
, Social Comparisons: Upward Comparisons - ANSWER-comparing yourself to someone
who is better at something than you
Origins of Self-Knowledge: Autobiographical Memories - ANSWER-Without memories
of our past we don't know who we are
Origins of Self-Knowledge: Culture - ANSWER-Individualism.
Collectivism.
Can find these same preferences in abstract ideas (Ex: Colored pen study. Unique color
vs. Common color).
Culture: Individualism - ANSWER-Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals.
Western societies (e.g. America)
'Independent' self-concept
Describing yourself in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.
Downward comparisons.
Culture: Collectivism - ANSWER-Giving priority to the group goals and describing the
self by your social identity.
Eastern societies (e.g. Eastern Asia)
'Interdependent' self-concept
Less focus on the self--more on harmony within social groups.
Upward comparisons (Used in an "I can do that too" way).
Self-Schema - ANSWER-Beliefs about the self that guide the processing of self-relevant
information.
Use schemas to filter knowledge.
A 'parent' schema affects how you see the world.
Self-concept ---> Self-schema
Library ---> Books
The Self-Concept - ANSWER-The self-concept is multi-faceted: each person can have
many selves
Self-Complexity - ANSWER-People are said to be more self-complex if they have more
"selves" and if they describe each self in a different way.
Me as a friend, sibling, employee, etc.
These selves are motivating to us.
Self-Esteem - ANSWER-A person's overall positive or negative self-evaluation or sense
of self-worth.
