WGU D236 Pre- Assessment V2– Pathophysiology Review (Latest 2026/ 2027 Update) | 100% Verified Questions & Answers | Grade A

WGU D236 Pre- Assessment V2– Pathophysiology Review (Latest 2026/ 2027 Update) | 100% Verified Questions & Answers | Grade A Question: Which type of sodium concentration change is caused by increased concentration of extracellular sodium and a deficit of extracellular free water? Hypertonic fluid alteration Hypotonic fluid alteration Isotonic fluid deficit Isotonic fluid excess Hypertonic fluid alteration Which type of imbalance is caused by use of loop diuretics, osmotic diuresis, gastrointestinal losses, and unconcentrated urine? Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis Euvolemic hypernatremia Metabolic acidemia Hypovolemic hypernatremia Hypovolemic hypernatremia Which condition results from compulsive water drinking, tap water enemas, near drowning, and use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors? Hypokalemic periodic paralysis Hypovolemic hyponatremia Dilutional hypotonic hyponatremia Respiratory alkalosis Respiratory alkalosis Which response is associated with decreases in serum calcium levels? Renal bicarbonate elimination and hydrogen retention Secretion of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid gland Acute or chronic increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure Generalized expansion of extracellular fluid volume Secretion of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid gland How does the body respond to increases in serum calcium levels? Respiratory carbon dioxide retention (hypoventilation) Suppression of the secretion of parathyroid hormone Respiratory carbon dioxide elimination (hyperventilation) Generalized expansion of extracellular fluid volume Suppression of the secretion of parathyroid hormone What is the disorder associated with hyperparathyroidism, bone metastases with calcium resorption, sarcoidosis, excess vitamin D, calcium-containing antacids, and tumors that produce parathyroid hormone? Respiratory acidosis Hyperphosphatemia Hypomagnesemia Hypercalcemia Hypercalcemia A patient has the chickenpox and has been around many family members while infected. Which person is most susceptible to this disease, in general? A 50-year-old male A one-year-old male A 29-year-old male A 17-year-old male A one-year-old male A child falls and scrapes their knee. Which type of cell releases histamine to cause expanded capillary walls as part of the immune response? Erythrocyte Mast cell Epithelial cell Dendritic cell Mast cell A patient has the following symptoms: short limbs relative to trunk length prominent forehead low nasal bridge redundant skin folds in the arms and legs Which condition does the patient likely have? Achondroplasia Open spina bifida Retinoblastoma Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) Achondroplasia What is the condition marked by increased metabolic activity in bone with abnormal and excessive bone remodeling? Osteoarthritis Osteoporosis Rheumatoid arthritis Paget disease Paget disease A 12-year-old male patient has the following clinical manifestations: a herald patch on the trunk lesions with scales forming a collarette pattern itching Which condition does the patient likely have? Herpes simplex virus 1 Warts Lyme disease Pityriasis rosea Pityriasis rosea What is the disorder marked by inflammation of the blood vessel wall, resulting in bleeding aneurysm formation or occlusion with infection of ischemia of surrounding tissue? Stevens-Johnson syndrome Urticaria Cutaneous melanoma Cutaneous vasculitis Cutaneous vasculitis What type of fracture does a person have if they fall from a horse and break their femur with no breakage in the skin? Incomplete and open Complete and closed Incomplete and closed Complete and open Complete and closed What type of fracture occurs when a person cracks a rib from excessive coughing over time? Complete and closed Incomplete and closed Incomplete and open Complete and open Incomplete and closed What mechanism represents the primary pathology of radiculopathy? Degeneration of the basal ganglia with formation of Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra and dorsal striatum Injury or damage to spinal roots from compression, infection, inflammation, ischemia, or direct trauma Degeneration of central nervous system myelin, scarring, and loss of axons Defective T-cell-dependent formation of autoantibodies against nicotinic AChR Injury or damage to spinal roots from compression, infection, inflammation, ischemia, or direct trauma Which type of cerebrovascular accident accounts for 87% of all strokes? Cryptogenic Ischemic Subarachnoid hemorrhagic Intracerebral hemorrhagic Ischemic What type of ischemic event results from focal cerebral ischemia and involves no more than one hour of neurologic dysfunction? Embolic stroke Transient ischemic attack Thrombotic stroke Hemodynamic stroke Transient ischemic attack Which type of hematoma involves bleeding between the dura mater and the brain? Epidural hematoma Intracerebral hematoma Subdural hematoma Subarachnoid hematoma Subdural hematoma What characteristic is associated with a mild concussion? A Glasgow Coma Scale score of less than 8 Brainstem signs and intracranial contusions, hematomas, or lacerations Possible basal skull fracture but no brainstem injury A Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13 to 15 A Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13 to 15 Which vision disorder is characterized by involuntary rhythmic movement of the eyes? Age-related macular degeneration Pedular nystagmus Scotoma Amblyopia Pedular nystagmus What condition is caused by vitamin B12 deficiency and the absence of intrinsic factor? Anemia of chronic disease Pernicious anemia Iron-deficiency anemia Folate-deficiency anemia Pernicious anemia What accurately describes a characteristic change in microcirculation during inflammation? Vasodilation increases blood flow to the injured site. Neutrophils move into the vascular system during arteriolar constriction. Biochemical mediators stimulate endothelial cells to expand and close gaps. Endothelial cells contract to prevent erythrocyte spillage. Vasodilation increases blood flow to the injured site. Which disorder clinically manifests with severe anemia, bleeding, infection, fever, weight loss, and bone pain? Non-Hodgkin lymphoma HIV Lymphoblastic lymphoma Acute leukemia Acute leukemia Which type of hypertension results from adrenocortical tumors, pheochromocytoma, and medications? Complicated hypertension Primary hypertension Malignant hypertension Secondary hypertension Secondary hypertension What complications are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus? Pulmonary embolism, edema, ulceration, and postphlebitic syndrome Papilledema, facial palsy, blurred vision, meningeal irritation, and splenomegaly Seizures, weight gain, and neurologic damage from hyponatremia Cardiovascular disease, organ failure, infection, renal disorder, and anemia Cardiovascular disease, organ failure, infection, renal disorder, and anemia Which valve disorder allows backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular systole? Aortic regurgitation Aortic stenosis Mitral stenosis Mitral regurgitation Mitral regurgitation Which group of bacteria has flexible spiral filaments that are motile and anaerobic? Mycoplasma Filamentous bacteria Chlamydia Spirochetes Spirochetes Which group of bacteria is responsible for Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus? Chlamydia Rickettsia Spirochetes Mycoplasma Rickettsia Which condition commonly occurs in Africa and is linked to the Epstein-Barr virus? Acute lymphocytic leukemia Burkitt lymphoma Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Hodgkin lymphoma Burkitt lymphoma Which set of risk factors are associated with pulmonary embolism? Ventricular abnormalities, airway obstruction, pharyngitis, chronic low rate of ventilation, and vascular inflammation Immobilization, heart failure, coagulation disorders, and endothelial injury to cells that line blood vessels Tobacco smoke, occupational dusts and chemicals, indoor air pollution, and outdoor air pollution Hyponatremia, cardiac dysrhythmias, traumatic injury, sedentary lifestyle, and chronic inflammation Immobilization, heart failure, coagulation disorders, and endothelial injury to cells that line blood vessels Which condition is associated with enlarged arteries in the lungs, right ventricular hypertrophy, fatigue, progressive shortness of breath, tachypnea, chest discomfort, cough, and palpitations? Acute respiratory failure Pulmonary artery hypertension Pneumonia Pulmonary disease Pulmonary artery hypertension What condition is caused by blockage of the pulmonary lymphatics, leading to contaminated lymphatic fluid in the pleural space? Tuberculosis Empyema Clubbing Hypercapnia Empyema Which condition is caused by inhaled particles, accumulated mucus, inflammation, or the presence of a foreign body in the airway? Central cyanosis Pulmonary artery hypertension Empyema Cough Cough Which condition involves impaired sense of effort where the perceived work of breathing is greater than the actual motor response? Asthma Pulmonary embolism Dyspnea Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Dyspnea Which respiratory condition is characterized by pus and infection in the pleural space? Pneumonia Idiopathic pulmonary artery hypertension Emphysema Empyema Empyema Which sign of pulmonary disease is painless and associated with chronic hypoxemia? Cough Hypercapnia Cyanosis Clubbing Clubbing Which type of pneumonia is the most common type of bacterial pneumonia? Viral Healthcare-associated Ventilator-associated Pneumococcal pneumonia Pneumococcal pneumonia Which type of pneumothorax has pleural space air pressure exceeding barometric pressure? Tension Open Primary Secondary Tension pneumothorax Which condition is caused by a sedentary lifestyle, low-residue diet, and low fluid intake? Cirrhosis Functional constipation Acute liver failure Osmotic diarrhea Functional constipation What condition is indicated by dark, grainy, digested blood in stool and bright red bleeding in emesis? Jaundice Nephrotic syndrome Crohn disease Gastrointestinal bleeding Gastrointestinal bleeding What condition is marked by impaired esophageal motility or mechanical obstruction of the esophagus? Secondary biliary cirrhosis Dysphagia Gastric ulcer Chronic gastritis Dysphagia Which condition has an abnormality that increases the permeability of the stomach's mucosal barrier to hydrogen ions? Ulcerative colitis Gastric ulcer Gallstones Alcoholic hepatitis Gastric ulcer What condition is marked by hematuria and red blood cell casts in the urine? Gastroesophageal reflux disease Diabetic nephropathy Acute pancreatitis Nephritic syndrome Nephritic syndrome Which condition is associated with truncal obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, emotional instability, and thin hair? Cushing syndrome Acromegaly Addison disease Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome Cushing syndrome What is the likely condition for a girl with polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss, sleep loss, and fatigue? Thyrotoxic crisis Addison disease Hyperthyroidism Type 1 diabetes mellitus Type 1 diabetes mellitus Which condition is associated with sudden severe abdominal pain, fever, and cervicitis after menstruation? Trichomoniasis Disseminated gonococcal infection Adenomyosis Pelvic inflammatory disease Pelvic inflammatory disease Which condition is associated with obesity, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, hyperandrogenism, infertility, and increased DHEA levels? Pelvic inflammatory disease Polycystic ovary syndrome Human papillomavirus Dyspareunia Polycystic ovary syndrome Which component of the endocrine system is directly related to hypopituitarism? Thyroid Pineal gland Anterior pituitary Pancreas Anterior pituitary Which hypopituitarism deficiency is associated with cold intolerance, skin dryness, and decreased metabolic rate? Luteinizing hormone deficiency Antidiuretic hormone deficiency Human growth hormone deficiency Thyroid-stimulating hormone deficiency Thyroid-stimulating hormone deficiency What is the most common infectious cause of genital ulcerations in the United States? Herpes simplex virus infection Gonorrhea Dyspareunia Anorgasmia Herpes simplex virus infection Which type of sodium concentration change is caused by increased concentration of extracellular sodium and a deficit of extracellular free water? Hypertonic fluid alteration Which type of imbalance is caused by use of loop diuretics, osmotic diuresis, gastrointestinal losses, and unconcentrated urine? Hypovolemic hypernatremia Which condition results from compulsive water drinking, tap water enemas, near drowning, and use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors? Dilutional hypotonic hyponatremia Which response is associated with decreases in serum calcium levels? Secretion of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid gland How does the body respond to increases in serum calcium levels? Suppression of the secretion of parathyroid hormone What is the disorder associated with hyperparathyroidism, bone metastases with calcium resorption, sarcoidosis, excess vitamin D, calcium-containing antacids, and tumors that produce parathyroid hormone? Hypercalcemia A patient has the chickenpox and has been around many family members while infected. Which person is most susceptible to this disease, in general? -A 50-year-old male -A one-year-old male -A 29-year-old male -A 17-year-old male A one-year-old male A child falls and scrapes their knee.Which type of cell releases histamine to cause expanded capillary walls as part of the immune response? Mast cell A patient has the following symptoms: -short limbs relative to trunk length -prominent forehead -low nasal bridge -redundant skin folds in the arms and legs Which condition does the patient likely have? Achondroplasia What is the condition marked by increased metabolic activity in bone with abnormal and excessive bone remodeling? Paget disease A 12-year-old male patient has the following clinical manifestations: -a herald patch on the trunk -lesions with scales forming a collarette pattern -itching Which condition does the patient likely have? Pityriasis rosea What is the disorder marked by inflammation of the blood vessel wall, resulting in bleeding aneurysm formation or occlusion with infection of ischemia of surrounding tissue? Cutaneous vasculitis A person falls from a horse and breaks their femur. The bone has separated into two pieces, but there is no breakage in the skin.Which type of fracture does the person have, based on the information provided? Complete and closed A person cracks a rib from excessive coughing over time.Which type of fracture does the person have, based on the information provided? Incomplete and closed Which mechanism represents the primary pathology of radiculopathy? Injury or damage to spinal roots from compression, infection, inflammation, ischemia, or direct trauma Which type of cerebrovascular accident accounts for 87% of all strokes? Ischemic Which type of ischemic event results from focal cerebral ischemia and involves no more than one hour of neurologic dysfunction? Transient ischemic attack Which type of hematoma involves bleeding between the dura mater and the brain? Subdural hematoma Which characteristic is associated with a mild concussion? A Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13 to 15 Which vision disorder is characterized by involuntary rhythmic movement of the eyes? Pedular nystagmus Which condition is caused by vitamin B12 deficiency and the absence of intrinsic factor (IF)? Pernicious anemia Which statement accurately describes a characteristic change in microcirculation during inflammation? Vasodilation increases blood flow to the injured site. Which disorder clinically manifests with the following symptoms? -severe anemia -bleeding -infection -fever -weight loss -bone pain Acute leukemia Which type of hypertension results from adrenocortical tumors, pheochromocytoma, and medications? Secondary hypertension A patient was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus after an evaluation by their physician.Which complications should the physician indicate are associated with this condition? Cardiovascular disease, organ failure, infection, renal disorder, and anemia Which valve disorder allows backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular systole? Mitral regurgitation Which group of bacteria has flexible spiral filaments that are motile and anaerobic? Spirochetes Which group of bacteria is responsible for Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus? Rickettsia Which condition commonly occurs in Africa and is linked to the Epstein-Barr virus? Burkitt lymphoma Which set of risk factors are associated with pulmonary embolism? Immobilization, heart failure, coagulation disorders, and endothelial injury to cells that line blood vessels A 55-year-old man is presenting with the following symptoms: -enlarged arteries in the lungs -right ventricular hypertrophy -fatigue -progressive shortness of breath with exertion -tachypnea -chest discomfort -cough -palpitations Which condition is associated with the symptoms for this man? Pulmonary artery hypertension The primary cause of a condition is blockage of the pulmonary lymphatics, leading to an outpouring of contaminated lymphatic fluid into the pleural space.Which condition is this? Empyema Which condition is caused by inhaled particles, accumulated mucus, inflammation, or the presence of a foreign body in the airway? Cough Which condition involves the primary pathology of an impaired sense of effort in which the perceived work of breathing is greater than the actual motor response generated? Dyspnea Which respiratory condition is characterized by the presence of pus and infection in the pleural space? Empyema Which sign of pulmonary disease is painless and associated with conditions that disrupt the normal pulmonary circulation and cause chronic hypoxemia? Clubbing Which type of pneumonia is the most common type of bacterial pneumonia? Pneumococcal Which type of pneumothorax is associated with pleural space air pressure that exceeds barometric pressure? Tension Which condition is caused by sedentary lifestyle, low-residue diet, and low fluid intake? Functional constipation Which condition is a likely cause for a man with the following symptoms? -dark, grainy, digested blood in stool -bright red bleeding in emesis Gastrointestinal bleeding The primary mechanism of a disorder is impaired esophageal motility or mechanical obstruction of the esophagus. What is the condition? Dysphagia The primary pathophysiology of a condition is an abnormality that increases the permeability of the stomach's mucosal barrier to hydrogen ions. Which condition is it? Gastric ulcer What is the condition marked by hematuria and red blood cell casts in the urine? Nephritic syndrome A 12-year-old female has the following clinical manifestations: -truncal obesity -moon face -buffalo hump -emotional instability -thin hair Which condition is associated with the symptoms for this person? Cushing syndrome An 11-year-old girl is presenting with the following symptoms: -polydipsia -polyuria -polyphagia -weight loss -sleep loss -fatigue What is the likely condition for this girl? Type 1 diabetes mellitus A 28-year-old female has the following clinical manifestations: -sudden and severe abdominal pain, fever, and cervicitis immediately after menstruation -dysuria -dyspareunia -irregular bleeding Which condition is associated with the symptoms for this person? Pelvic inflammatory disease A 29-year-old female has the following clinical manifestations: -obesity -dysfunctional uterine bleeding -hyperandrogenism -infertility -increased DHEA levels Which condition is associated with the symptoms for this person? Polycystic ovary syndrome Which component of the endocrine system is directly related to hypopituitarism? Anterior pituitary Which hypopituitarism deficiency is associated with cold intolerance, skin dryness, mild myxedema, lethargy, and decreased metabolic rate? Thyroid-stimulating hormone deficiency What is the most common infectious cause of genital ulcerations in the United States? Herpes simplex virus infection