Rasmussen
Pathophysiology Exam
2_2026 Study Guide
2025-2026
Final Exam Questions with
Verified Answers | Grade A+ |
New Version
,Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve Gastritis
the entire stomach or a region)
_________Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a Acute Gastritis
severe ulceration with hemorrhage
_________ Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be Acute Gastritis
accompanied by nausea and epigastric pain
_________ Gastritis develops gradually. Chronic Gastritis
Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or Chronic Gastritis
nonerosive
Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial Acute Gastritis
discomfort, and hematemesis.
Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually Chronic Gastritis
accompanied by a dull epigastric pain and a sensation of
fullness after minimal intake.
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually Gastroenteritis
because of an infection or allergic reaction
Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as Chronic Gastroenteritis
crohns disease
Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from Acute Gastroenteritis
raw or undercooked chicken or eggs
Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, Gastroenteritis
nausea, and vomiting
Most common cause of chronic gastritis Helicobacter pylori
Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and Helicobacter pylori
enzymes that cause inflammation. Genetic vulnerability
and lifestyle behaviors (smoking and stress) may increase
the susceptibility
Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and Gastritis
water contamination, long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs, excessive alcohol use, severe stress,
autoimmune conditions, and other chronic disease
Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and Chronic Gastritis
hemorrhage
, Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, Gastritis
epigastric pain, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting,
anorexia, fever, and malaise. Hematemesis and dark, tarry
stools can indicate ulceration and bleeding.
Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
esophagus. Bile can also back up into the esophagus.
These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
carbonated beverages, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty
foods, and peppermint), alcohol consumption, nicotine,
hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain medications (e.g.,
corticosteroids, beta blockers, calcium-channel blockers,
and anticholinergics), nasogastric intubation, and delayed
gastric emptying
Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
a meal or when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough,
laryngitis, pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, and sensation
of a lump in the throat.
Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
esophageal cancer, and chronic pulmonary disease
Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
cardiac disease
Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
anti-inflammatory drug use (NSAIDs), H. pylori infections,
certain gastric tumors, and those for GERD.
Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
penetration through the GI tract wall. Develops because of
an imbalance between destructive forces and protective
mechanisms
Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) Duodenal Ulcers
Gastric Ulcers
Stress Ulcers
Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori Duodenal ulcers
infections. Typically present with epigastric pain that is
relieved in the presence of food
Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with Gastric Ulcers
malignancy and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Pain
typically worsens with eating.
Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the Stress ulcers
body due to local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile
salts entering the stomach, and decreased GI motility.
Pathophysiology Exam
2_2026 Study Guide
2025-2026
Final Exam Questions with
Verified Answers | Grade A+ |
New Version
,Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve Gastritis
the entire stomach or a region)
_________Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a Acute Gastritis
severe ulceration with hemorrhage
_________ Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be Acute Gastritis
accompanied by nausea and epigastric pain
_________ Gastritis develops gradually. Chronic Gastritis
Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or Chronic Gastritis
nonerosive
Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial Acute Gastritis
discomfort, and hematemesis.
Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually Chronic Gastritis
accompanied by a dull epigastric pain and a sensation of
fullness after minimal intake.
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually Gastroenteritis
because of an infection or allergic reaction
Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as Chronic Gastroenteritis
crohns disease
Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from Acute Gastroenteritis
raw or undercooked chicken or eggs
Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, Gastroenteritis
nausea, and vomiting
Most common cause of chronic gastritis Helicobacter pylori
Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and Helicobacter pylori
enzymes that cause inflammation. Genetic vulnerability
and lifestyle behaviors (smoking and stress) may increase
the susceptibility
Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and Gastritis
water contamination, long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs, excessive alcohol use, severe stress,
autoimmune conditions, and other chronic disease
Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and Chronic Gastritis
hemorrhage
, Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, Gastritis
epigastric pain, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting,
anorexia, fever, and malaise. Hematemesis and dark, tarry
stools can indicate ulceration and bleeding.
Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
esophagus. Bile can also back up into the esophagus.
These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
carbonated beverages, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty
foods, and peppermint), alcohol consumption, nicotine,
hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain medications (e.g.,
corticosteroids, beta blockers, calcium-channel blockers,
and anticholinergics), nasogastric intubation, and delayed
gastric emptying
Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
a meal or when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough,
laryngitis, pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, and sensation
of a lump in the throat.
Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
esophageal cancer, and chronic pulmonary disease
Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
cardiac disease
Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
anti-inflammatory drug use (NSAIDs), H. pylori infections,
certain gastric tumors, and those for GERD.
Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
penetration through the GI tract wall. Develops because of
an imbalance between destructive forces and protective
mechanisms
Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) Duodenal Ulcers
Gastric Ulcers
Stress Ulcers
Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori Duodenal ulcers
infections. Typically present with epigastric pain that is
relieved in the presence of food
Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with Gastric Ulcers
malignancy and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Pain
typically worsens with eating.
Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the Stress ulcers
body due to local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile
salts entering the stomach, and decreased GI motility.
