NUR 106
Final Questions With
Complete Solutions
2026/2027 Academic Year
Fundamentals and Pediatric Nursing
100 Questions with Comprehensive Rationales
Aligned with 2026-2027 NUR 106 Course Competencies
Cognitive Level Distribution
30% Recall | 50% Application | 20% Analysis
70% Scenario-Based | 20% Direct Recall | 10% Clinical Judgment
,Instructions: Select the BEST answer for each question. Each question has four options (A-D) with one correct answer.
A detailed rationale follows each question explaining the correct answer and why the distractors are incorrect.
Section 1: Nursing History, Ethics, and Professional Practice
Cultural-Developmental Theory, Moral Development, Utilitarianism, and Accountability
Q1: Florence Nightingale is historically recognized for which of the following roles? Select the most
comprehensive answer.
A. Nurse and caregiver
B. Nurse, statistician, and social reformer
C. Nurse, statistician, sanitarian, social reformer, and scholar [CORRECT]
D. Hospital administrator and educator
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Florence Nightingale's contributions extend far beyond bedside nursing. She is recognized as a pioneering nurse,
statistician who used data visualization (coxcomb diagrams) to demonstrate mortality rates, sanitarian who revolutionized
hospital hygiene, social reformer who advocated for healthcare policy changes, and scholar whose writings founded modern
nursing education. Options A and B are incomplete; option D omits her most impactful contributions to public health and
statistical analysis.
Q2: During the 14th to 17th centuries in Europe, witch trials were conducted through an organized
partnership among which groups?
A. The monarchy and the military
B. The Church, the state, and the emerging medical profession [CORRECT]
C. Universities and religious orders
D. Peasant communities and local magistrates
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Historical records demonstrate that witch trials were carried out through a systematic collaboration between the
Church (providing theological justification), the state (enacting legal prosecution), and the emerging medical profession
(providing expert testimony that identified healers as witches). This partnership effectively suppressed women's healing practices
and midwifery. Options A, C, and D do not reflect the documented tripartite alliance responsible for organized persecution.
Q3: During the Middle Ages, which group of women were permitted to practice healing arts?
A. Women attending secular medical schools
B. Women who served as apprentices to male physicians
C. Only women in religious nursing orders [CORRECT]
D. Women who inherited their family's healing practice
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Exclusion of women from universities during the Middle Ages was systematic, meaning women could not obtain
formal medical education. The only socially sanctioned pathway for women to practice healing was through religious nursing
orders, which provided institutional protection and legitimacy. Options A is incorrect because women were barred from
universities; options B and D were not socially or legally sanctioned paths during this period.
Q4: A nurse is triaging patients after a mass casualty incident. The nurse decides to allocate limited
ventilators to patients with the highest probability of survival, rather than first-come-first-served.
Which ethical framework best supports this decision?
NUR 106 Final Exam 2026/2027 | Page 2
, A. Kantian deontology
B. Utilitarianism [CORRECT]
C. Virtue ethics
D. Ethics of care
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Utilitarianism focuses on maximizing overall good and achieving the best outcomes with available resources, which
directly applies to mass casualty triage decisions. Allocating scarce resources like ventilators to those most likely to survive
produces the greatest overall benefit. Kantian deontology (A) would focus on universal duties regardless of outcomes; virtue
ethics (C) focuses on character traits; ethics of care (D) emphasizes relationships and empathy rather than resource optimization.
Q5: A nurse working in a mass casualty incident follows standard triage protocols but makes an
exception for a pregnant patient in distress, deviating from the standard protocol. Which concept best
describes this decision?
A. Act-utilitarianism [CORRECT]
B. Rule-utilitarianism
C. Categorical imperative
D. Principle of double effect
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Act-utilitarianism allows for situations where the overall consequences may be better if a guideline is not followed.
The nurse assessed that deviating from standard protocol for the pregnant patient would produce a better overall outcome than
rigid adherence to the rule. Rule-utilitarianism (B) would require following the rule in all cases; categorical imperative (C) has no
exceptions regardless of consequences; the principle of double effect (D) applies to actions with both good and bad foreseen
effects.
Q6: Which ethical principle is described by the statement that moral rules have no exceptions and must
be applied universally regardless of the situation?
A. Utilitarianism
B. Act-utilitarianism
C. Kantian categorical imperative [CORRECT]
D. Ethical relativism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Kant's categorical imperative states that moral rules are absolute and universal, with no exceptions permitted. A nurse
following this principle would apply the same moral rule in every situation without considering consequences or circumstances.
Utilitarianism (A) and act-utilitarianism (B) are consequence-based and inherently allow flexibility; ethical relativism (D) holds
that moral standards vary between cultures and individuals.
Q7: A nurse notices that a patient is fidgeting, avoiding eye contact, and speaking in short sentences
during a medication discussion. The nurse recognizes these nonverbal cues may indicate anxiety.
Which step of ethical decision-making is the nurse demonstrating?
A. Gathering data to identify conflicting moral claims
B. Reflecting on one's own moral beliefs and values
C. Discernment, or noticing nonverbal behavior as a reflection of the patient's emotional state
[CORRECT]
D. Consulting with the healthcare ethics committee
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Discernment is the ability to perceive subtle nonverbal behavior as a reflection of a patient's underlying emotions, such
as anxiety. The nurse is observing behavioral cues and interpreting their meaning. Gathering data (A) involves collecting factual
information about the situation; reflecting on moral beliefs (B) is self-examination; consulting an ethics committee (D) involves
NUR 106 Final Exam 2026/2027 | Page 3
Final Questions With
Complete Solutions
2026/2027 Academic Year
Fundamentals and Pediatric Nursing
100 Questions with Comprehensive Rationales
Aligned with 2026-2027 NUR 106 Course Competencies
Cognitive Level Distribution
30% Recall | 50% Application | 20% Analysis
70% Scenario-Based | 20% Direct Recall | 10% Clinical Judgment
,Instructions: Select the BEST answer for each question. Each question has four options (A-D) with one correct answer.
A detailed rationale follows each question explaining the correct answer and why the distractors are incorrect.
Section 1: Nursing History, Ethics, and Professional Practice
Cultural-Developmental Theory, Moral Development, Utilitarianism, and Accountability
Q1: Florence Nightingale is historically recognized for which of the following roles? Select the most
comprehensive answer.
A. Nurse and caregiver
B. Nurse, statistician, and social reformer
C. Nurse, statistician, sanitarian, social reformer, and scholar [CORRECT]
D. Hospital administrator and educator
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Florence Nightingale's contributions extend far beyond bedside nursing. She is recognized as a pioneering nurse,
statistician who used data visualization (coxcomb diagrams) to demonstrate mortality rates, sanitarian who revolutionized
hospital hygiene, social reformer who advocated for healthcare policy changes, and scholar whose writings founded modern
nursing education. Options A and B are incomplete; option D omits her most impactful contributions to public health and
statistical analysis.
Q2: During the 14th to 17th centuries in Europe, witch trials were conducted through an organized
partnership among which groups?
A. The monarchy and the military
B. The Church, the state, and the emerging medical profession [CORRECT]
C. Universities and religious orders
D. Peasant communities and local magistrates
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Historical records demonstrate that witch trials were carried out through a systematic collaboration between the
Church (providing theological justification), the state (enacting legal prosecution), and the emerging medical profession
(providing expert testimony that identified healers as witches). This partnership effectively suppressed women's healing practices
and midwifery. Options A, C, and D do not reflect the documented tripartite alliance responsible for organized persecution.
Q3: During the Middle Ages, which group of women were permitted to practice healing arts?
A. Women attending secular medical schools
B. Women who served as apprentices to male physicians
C. Only women in religious nursing orders [CORRECT]
D. Women who inherited their family's healing practice
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Exclusion of women from universities during the Middle Ages was systematic, meaning women could not obtain
formal medical education. The only socially sanctioned pathway for women to practice healing was through religious nursing
orders, which provided institutional protection and legitimacy. Options A is incorrect because women were barred from
universities; options B and D were not socially or legally sanctioned paths during this period.
Q4: A nurse is triaging patients after a mass casualty incident. The nurse decides to allocate limited
ventilators to patients with the highest probability of survival, rather than first-come-first-served.
Which ethical framework best supports this decision?
NUR 106 Final Exam 2026/2027 | Page 2
, A. Kantian deontology
B. Utilitarianism [CORRECT]
C. Virtue ethics
D. Ethics of care
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Utilitarianism focuses on maximizing overall good and achieving the best outcomes with available resources, which
directly applies to mass casualty triage decisions. Allocating scarce resources like ventilators to those most likely to survive
produces the greatest overall benefit. Kantian deontology (A) would focus on universal duties regardless of outcomes; virtue
ethics (C) focuses on character traits; ethics of care (D) emphasizes relationships and empathy rather than resource optimization.
Q5: A nurse working in a mass casualty incident follows standard triage protocols but makes an
exception for a pregnant patient in distress, deviating from the standard protocol. Which concept best
describes this decision?
A. Act-utilitarianism [CORRECT]
B. Rule-utilitarianism
C. Categorical imperative
D. Principle of double effect
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Act-utilitarianism allows for situations where the overall consequences may be better if a guideline is not followed.
The nurse assessed that deviating from standard protocol for the pregnant patient would produce a better overall outcome than
rigid adherence to the rule. Rule-utilitarianism (B) would require following the rule in all cases; categorical imperative (C) has no
exceptions regardless of consequences; the principle of double effect (D) applies to actions with both good and bad foreseen
effects.
Q6: Which ethical principle is described by the statement that moral rules have no exceptions and must
be applied universally regardless of the situation?
A. Utilitarianism
B. Act-utilitarianism
C. Kantian categorical imperative [CORRECT]
D. Ethical relativism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Kant's categorical imperative states that moral rules are absolute and universal, with no exceptions permitted. A nurse
following this principle would apply the same moral rule in every situation without considering consequences or circumstances.
Utilitarianism (A) and act-utilitarianism (B) are consequence-based and inherently allow flexibility; ethical relativism (D) holds
that moral standards vary between cultures and individuals.
Q7: A nurse notices that a patient is fidgeting, avoiding eye contact, and speaking in short sentences
during a medication discussion. The nurse recognizes these nonverbal cues may indicate anxiety.
Which step of ethical decision-making is the nurse demonstrating?
A. Gathering data to identify conflicting moral claims
B. Reflecting on one's own moral beliefs and values
C. Discernment, or noticing nonverbal behavior as a reflection of the patient's emotional state
[CORRECT]
D. Consulting with the healthcare ethics committee
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Discernment is the ability to perceive subtle nonverbal behavior as a reflection of a patient's underlying emotions, such
as anxiety. The nurse is observing behavioral cues and interpreting their meaning. Gathering data (A) involves collecting factual
information about the situation; reflecting on moral beliefs (B) is self-examination; consulting an ethics committee (D) involves
NUR 106 Final Exam 2026/2027 | Page 3
