BIO 168 Master Exam Question & Answer - CORRECTED
Exams 1, 2, and 3
Exam 1
1. In cell respiration, ______ is the stage that provides the largest amount of ATP molecules.
Correct answer: Electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation).
2. Why is water a polar molecule? What properties of water come from it being polar?
Correct answer: Oxygen pulls shared electrons more strongly than hydrogen, giving oxygen a partial negative
charge and hydrogen partial positive charges. This allows hydrogen bonding, cohesion, adhesion, and dissolving ionic or
polar substances.
3. The hip is ______ relative to the knee.
Correct answer: Proximal.
4. Explain the four levels of protein structure. Why do proteins generally function at the higher level?
Correct answer: Primary: amino acid sequence. Secondary: local coiling/folding. Tertiary: overall 3-D shape of one
polypeptide. Quaternary: multiple polypeptide chains together. Function depends on the final 3-D shape and its
binding/active sites.
5. A calcium ion is written Ca²⁺. For the most common calcium isotope, how many protons, neutrons, electrons, and
electron vacancies are present?
Correct answer: 20 protons, 20 neutrons, 18 electrons, 0 vacancies.
6. The carpal region refers to the ______.
Correct answer: Wrist.
7. The main ingredient of the cell membrane is ______.
Correct answer: A phospholipid bilayer.
8. A white blood cell engulfs a bacterium by changing the shape of its membrane. This is an example of ______.
Correct answer: Endocytosis.
9. The ear is ______ relative to the nose.
Correct answer: Lateral.
10. In protein synthesis, ______ provides a single amino acid to the growing amino acid chain.Correct answer:
Transfer RNA (tRNA).
11. ______ is a polymer of carbohydrates.
Correct answer: Starch.
12. An atom of lithium and an atom of fluorine form what kind of bond, and how do you know?
, Correct answer: Ionic bond. Lithium loses an electron to become Li⁺; fluorine gains it to become F⁻; opposite charges
attract.
13. A(n) ______ is a protein that speeds up chemical changes to other molecules.
Correct answer: Enzyme.
14. A substance moves through a membrane protein from high concentration to low concentration. This is an
example of ______.
Correct answer: Facilitated diffusion.
15. Olive oil contains oleic acid with one carbon-carbon double bond. It is best described as a(n) ______.
Correct answer: Monounsaturated fatty acid.
16. Iron has ______ protons.
Correct answer: 26.
17. Oxygen gas is O₂. The two oxygen atoms share ______.
Correct answer: Four electrons.
18. What amino acid sequence results from DNA TAC TTT GCA GGT CGA ATT? Give an example of a neutral mutation.
Correct answer: mRNA: AUG AAA CGU CCA GCU UAA. Amino acids: methionine–lysine–arginine– proline–alanine–
STOP. Neutral mutation example: DNA TTT → TTC, which still codes for lysine after transcription.
19. Match each cell part with its function.
Correct answer: Centriole/centrosome: mitosis; ribosome: protein synthesis; mitochondria:
electron transport chain; lysosome: digests damaged parts; microfilament: flexible support; rough ER: makes
proteins; flagellum: movement; Golgi: modifies/packages proteins; peroxisome:
hazardous chemical reactions/detoxification; nucleolus: makes ribosomes.
20. Oxygen gas is a small, uncharged molecule. It moves through a cell membrane by ______.
Correct answer: Simple diffusion.
21. A cell with dissolved substances in its cytosol is placed in 100% pure water. Osmosis causes ______.
Correct answer: Water to move into the cell.
22. ______ uses a membrane protein and ATP to move a substance from low concentration to high concentration.
Correct answer: Active transport.
23. List the four phases of mitosis and describe the major events in each.
Correct answer: Prophase: chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle forms. Metaphase:
chromosomes line up at the equator. Anaphase: sister chromatids separate. Telophase: nuclei reform,
chromosomes decondense; cytokinesis divides the cell.
24. The pictured molecule containing an amino group, central carbon, and carboxyl group is a(n) ______.
Correct answer: Amino acid.
Exams 1, 2, and 3
Exam 1
1. In cell respiration, ______ is the stage that provides the largest amount of ATP molecules.
Correct answer: Electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation).
2. Why is water a polar molecule? What properties of water come from it being polar?
Correct answer: Oxygen pulls shared electrons more strongly than hydrogen, giving oxygen a partial negative
charge and hydrogen partial positive charges. This allows hydrogen bonding, cohesion, adhesion, and dissolving ionic or
polar substances.
3. The hip is ______ relative to the knee.
Correct answer: Proximal.
4. Explain the four levels of protein structure. Why do proteins generally function at the higher level?
Correct answer: Primary: amino acid sequence. Secondary: local coiling/folding. Tertiary: overall 3-D shape of one
polypeptide. Quaternary: multiple polypeptide chains together. Function depends on the final 3-D shape and its
binding/active sites.
5. A calcium ion is written Ca²⁺. For the most common calcium isotope, how many protons, neutrons, electrons, and
electron vacancies are present?
Correct answer: 20 protons, 20 neutrons, 18 electrons, 0 vacancies.
6. The carpal region refers to the ______.
Correct answer: Wrist.
7. The main ingredient of the cell membrane is ______.
Correct answer: A phospholipid bilayer.
8. A white blood cell engulfs a bacterium by changing the shape of its membrane. This is an example of ______.
Correct answer: Endocytosis.
9. The ear is ______ relative to the nose.
Correct answer: Lateral.
10. In protein synthesis, ______ provides a single amino acid to the growing amino acid chain.Correct answer:
Transfer RNA (tRNA).
11. ______ is a polymer of carbohydrates.
Correct answer: Starch.
12. An atom of lithium and an atom of fluorine form what kind of bond, and how do you know?
, Correct answer: Ionic bond. Lithium loses an electron to become Li⁺; fluorine gains it to become F⁻; opposite charges
attract.
13. A(n) ______ is a protein that speeds up chemical changes to other molecules.
Correct answer: Enzyme.
14. A substance moves through a membrane protein from high concentration to low concentration. This is an
example of ______.
Correct answer: Facilitated diffusion.
15. Olive oil contains oleic acid with one carbon-carbon double bond. It is best described as a(n) ______.
Correct answer: Monounsaturated fatty acid.
16. Iron has ______ protons.
Correct answer: 26.
17. Oxygen gas is O₂. The two oxygen atoms share ______.
Correct answer: Four electrons.
18. What amino acid sequence results from DNA TAC TTT GCA GGT CGA ATT? Give an example of a neutral mutation.
Correct answer: mRNA: AUG AAA CGU CCA GCU UAA. Amino acids: methionine–lysine–arginine– proline–alanine–
STOP. Neutral mutation example: DNA TTT → TTC, which still codes for lysine after transcription.
19. Match each cell part with its function.
Correct answer: Centriole/centrosome: mitosis; ribosome: protein synthesis; mitochondria:
electron transport chain; lysosome: digests damaged parts; microfilament: flexible support; rough ER: makes
proteins; flagellum: movement; Golgi: modifies/packages proteins; peroxisome:
hazardous chemical reactions/detoxification; nucleolus: makes ribosomes.
20. Oxygen gas is a small, uncharged molecule. It moves through a cell membrane by ______.
Correct answer: Simple diffusion.
21. A cell with dissolved substances in its cytosol is placed in 100% pure water. Osmosis causes ______.
Correct answer: Water to move into the cell.
22. ______ uses a membrane protein and ATP to move a substance from low concentration to high concentration.
Correct answer: Active transport.
23. List the four phases of mitosis and describe the major events in each.
Correct answer: Prophase: chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle forms. Metaphase:
chromosomes line up at the equator. Anaphase: sister chromatids separate. Telophase: nuclei reform,
chromosomes decondense; cytokinesis divides the cell.
24. The pictured molecule containing an amino group, central carbon, and carboxyl group is a(n) ______.
Correct answer: Amino acid.
