NUR 529 Practice Questions with 100%
Correct Answers
Define Pathogenesis
explains how the disease process evolves. Sequence of cellular and tissue events that take
place from the time of initial contact with an etiologic agent until the ultimate expression of
disease.
Define Morphology
Refers to the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues. These changes are concerned
with both the gross anatomic and microscopic changes that are characteristics of a disease.
Define Histology
Deals with the study of cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues. Histologic sections play
an important role in the diagnosis of many types of cancers.
Define Clinical Manifestations
Sometimes, the condition produces manifestations, such as fever, that make it evident that the
person is sick (S&S)
Define Diagnosis
designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem. The diagnostic process requires a
careful history, physical examination, and diagnostic test.
Define Clinical Course
Describes the evolution of a disease. A disease can have an acute, subacute, or chronic
course.
,Acute disorder is one that is relatively severe, but self-limiting. Chronic disease implies
continuous, long-term process. Subacute disease is an intermediate or between acute and
chronic; not as severe as an acute disease and not as prolonged as chronic disease.
What is a disease?
It is considered an acute or chronic illness that one aquires or is born with that causes
physiologic dysfunction in one or more body systems.
Each one generally has specific signs and symptoms that characterize its pathology and
identifiable etiology.
What is Cellular Hyperplasia?
Refers to an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue. It occurs in tissues with
cells that are capable of mitotic division, such as the epidermis, intestinal epithelium, and
glandular tissue.
Two common types of Hyperplasia-Physiologic: hormonal and compensatory what are
examples of hormonal
Examples include: breast and uterine enlargement during pregnancy.
Two common types of Hyperplasia-Physiologic: hormonal and compensatory what are
examples of compensatory
Examples: regeneration of the liver partial hepatectomy
There is nonphysiologic-hyperplasia that are due to excessive hormonal stimulation or
the effects of growth factors on target issues. Examples are:
,excessive estrogen production can cause endometrial hyperplasia and abnormal menstrual
bleeding, benign prostatic hyperplasia is related to action of androgens.
Metaplasia represents a reversible change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or
mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type it is thought to involve reprogramming of
undifferentiated stem cells that are present in the tissue undergoing these changes. It
occurs how? and what does it allow?
Usually it occurs in response to chronic irritation and inflammation and allows for
substitution of cells that are able to survive under circumstances in which a more fragile cell
type might succumb
Metaplasia Examples
adaptive substitution of stratified squamous epithelial cells for ciliated columnar epithelial
cells in trachea and large airways of habitual cigarette smoker.
Dysplasia is characterized by the deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in
cells that vary in size, shape, and organization. Minor degrees of dysplasia are
associated with chronic irritation or inflammation. Dysplasia strongly indicates
cancer. changes have been found adjacent to the foci of cancerous transformation.
Dysplasia examples
seen in cancers of the respiratory tract and uterine cervix, and seen in cases of preterm babies
having been ventilated and intubated.
What is a pap smear?
, screening test for cervical cancer, it has been documented that cancer of the uterine cervix
develops in a series of incremental epithelial changes ranging from severe dysplasia to
invasive cancer.
What is necrosis?
refers to cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of a living organism.
Liquefaction of Necrosis occurs when some of the cells die but their catalytic enzymes
are not destroyed (wet) what are some examples?
softening of the center of an abscess with discharge of its contents (Think Wet-Rotten Fruit).
Coagulation Necrosis (think gray firm mass) acidosis develops and denatures the
enzymatic and structural proteins of the cell. How does it occur?
Characteristics of hypoxic injury and is seen in infarcted areas. Infarction occurs when an
artery supplying an organ or part of the body becomes occluded and no other source of blood
supply exists.
Caseous Necrosis (Cheesy Material) form of coagulation necrosis in which the dead cells
persist indefinitely. Where is it most commonly found?
Center of TB granulomas (arthur morgan)
Ischemia is characterized by impaired oxygen delivery and impaired removal of
metabolic end products such as lactic acid. In contrast to pure, hypoxia (which depends
on the oxygen content of the blood and affects all cells in the body) ischemia affects
what?
blood flow through limited numbers of blood vessels and produces local tissue injury.
Correct Answers
Define Pathogenesis
explains how the disease process evolves. Sequence of cellular and tissue events that take
place from the time of initial contact with an etiologic agent until the ultimate expression of
disease.
Define Morphology
Refers to the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues. These changes are concerned
with both the gross anatomic and microscopic changes that are characteristics of a disease.
Define Histology
Deals with the study of cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues. Histologic sections play
an important role in the diagnosis of many types of cancers.
Define Clinical Manifestations
Sometimes, the condition produces manifestations, such as fever, that make it evident that the
person is sick (S&S)
Define Diagnosis
designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem. The diagnostic process requires a
careful history, physical examination, and diagnostic test.
Define Clinical Course
Describes the evolution of a disease. A disease can have an acute, subacute, or chronic
course.
,Acute disorder is one that is relatively severe, but self-limiting. Chronic disease implies
continuous, long-term process. Subacute disease is an intermediate or between acute and
chronic; not as severe as an acute disease and not as prolonged as chronic disease.
What is a disease?
It is considered an acute or chronic illness that one aquires or is born with that causes
physiologic dysfunction in one or more body systems.
Each one generally has specific signs and symptoms that characterize its pathology and
identifiable etiology.
What is Cellular Hyperplasia?
Refers to an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue. It occurs in tissues with
cells that are capable of mitotic division, such as the epidermis, intestinal epithelium, and
glandular tissue.
Two common types of Hyperplasia-Physiologic: hormonal and compensatory what are
examples of hormonal
Examples include: breast and uterine enlargement during pregnancy.
Two common types of Hyperplasia-Physiologic: hormonal and compensatory what are
examples of compensatory
Examples: regeneration of the liver partial hepatectomy
There is nonphysiologic-hyperplasia that are due to excessive hormonal stimulation or
the effects of growth factors on target issues. Examples are:
,excessive estrogen production can cause endometrial hyperplasia and abnormal menstrual
bleeding, benign prostatic hyperplasia is related to action of androgens.
Metaplasia represents a reversible change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or
mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type it is thought to involve reprogramming of
undifferentiated stem cells that are present in the tissue undergoing these changes. It
occurs how? and what does it allow?
Usually it occurs in response to chronic irritation and inflammation and allows for
substitution of cells that are able to survive under circumstances in which a more fragile cell
type might succumb
Metaplasia Examples
adaptive substitution of stratified squamous epithelial cells for ciliated columnar epithelial
cells in trachea and large airways of habitual cigarette smoker.
Dysplasia is characterized by the deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in
cells that vary in size, shape, and organization. Minor degrees of dysplasia are
associated with chronic irritation or inflammation. Dysplasia strongly indicates
cancer. changes have been found adjacent to the foci of cancerous transformation.
Dysplasia examples
seen in cancers of the respiratory tract and uterine cervix, and seen in cases of preterm babies
having been ventilated and intubated.
What is a pap smear?
, screening test for cervical cancer, it has been documented that cancer of the uterine cervix
develops in a series of incremental epithelial changes ranging from severe dysplasia to
invasive cancer.
What is necrosis?
refers to cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of a living organism.
Liquefaction of Necrosis occurs when some of the cells die but their catalytic enzymes
are not destroyed (wet) what are some examples?
softening of the center of an abscess with discharge of its contents (Think Wet-Rotten Fruit).
Coagulation Necrosis (think gray firm mass) acidosis develops and denatures the
enzymatic and structural proteins of the cell. How does it occur?
Characteristics of hypoxic injury and is seen in infarcted areas. Infarction occurs when an
artery supplying an organ or part of the body becomes occluded and no other source of blood
supply exists.
Caseous Necrosis (Cheesy Material) form of coagulation necrosis in which the dead cells
persist indefinitely. Where is it most commonly found?
Center of TB granulomas (arthur morgan)
Ischemia is characterized by impaired oxygen delivery and impaired removal of
metabolic end products such as lactic acid. In contrast to pure, hypoxia (which depends
on the oxygen content of the blood and affects all cells in the body) ischemia affects
what?
blood flow through limited numbers of blood vessels and produces local tissue injury.
