CISSN STUDYGUIDE EXAM FINAL PAPER VERIFIED QUESTIONS ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
Cissn Studyguide EXAM Comprehensive TEST
2026/2027 Questions and Answers Verified Solutions
Latest Update
Question:
What is protein and what is it used for in the body?
Answer:
- protein is one of the three macronutrients amino acid source of fuel (flex fuel) vital to health
component of DNA, RNA, insulin, hemoglobin, epinephrine, and serotonin enzymes, A/B balance,
transportation, antibodies
Question:
What are skeletal muscle satellite cells? Their function(s)?
Answer:
- Satellite cells of skeletal muscle are quiescent, myogenic stem cells located outside the myofiber
sarcolemma but within its basement membrane. Greater in oxidative muscles. Function: repair
myofiber damage and regenerate necrotic myofibers Fiber damage induces satellite cell activation
by various mitogens also active during fiber-type transformation
Question:
Describe the effects of chronic aerobic exercise on resting and exercise HR, Q (volume of blood),
and SV (stroke volume). What are its effects on cardiac muscle?
Answer:
- resting HR: decreases exercise HR: no change
Question:
Q:?
Answer:
,SV: increased effects on cardiac muscle: increase
Question:
Describe the difference between glycemic load and glycemic index.
Answer:
- Glycemic index is a ranking system that is used to compare the acute glycemic impact of foods.
2-hour glucose response curve is compared with 50g of CHO of reference food Glycemic load is the
product of the glycemic index and the carbohydrate content in a serving, represents both quality and
quantity of CHO.
Question:
Which amino acid is considered to be the most naturally abundant in plasma and skeletal muscle?
Answer:
GLUTAMINE (conditionally essential under certain times) essential for catabolic states of injury
useful in treatment of injuries, trauma, burns and treatment- related side-effects of cancer slightly
ergogenic: increases time to exhaustion during mild hydration stress
Question:
What nutrients improve or support immune system function?
Answer:
- glutamine protein vitamin C zinc echinacea
Question:
What is the thermic effect of fat? Protein? Carbohydrate?
Answer:
Fat: 2-3% (almost negligible) Protein: 25-30% Carbohydrate: 6-8%
Question:
,What is the relationship of anabolic steroid use to plasma lipids?
Answer:
Decrease in HDL lipoproteins at high levels of dosage
Question:
Know the differences between Type I and Type IIa, IIx skeletal muscle fibers.
Answer:
Type I Slow twitch, small MN, High FR, Aerobic, VERY High MCD, High O.C., Low GC,
Triglyceride Fuel source Consume lactic acid help enable long endurance feats like distance running
higher fatigue resistance Type IIa (FAST TWITCH OXIDATIVE) Moderately fast twitch, Medium
MN, fairly high FR, long-term anaerobic, medium power, High MCD, high O.C.,high G.C., CP and
glycogen fuel Produce lactic acid and CP fatigue quickly Type II x (FAST TWITCH
GLYCOLYTIC) Fast twitch, Large MN, intermediate FR, short-term anaerobic, high power,
medium MCD, inter OC, high GC, ATP CP and little glycogen fuel Consume CP fatigue quickly
Question:
What is lactate?
Answer:
- It is the product of fast (anaerobic glycolysis) Decreases pH, energy metabolism, and Exercise
Performance
Question:
What is the rate limiting step (slowest step) of glycolysis?
Answer:
The phosphofructokinase step.
Question:
The process of splitting triglycerides is known as what?
Answer:
, lipolysis
Question:
What organ(s) is/are involved in nitrogen elimination?
Answer:
Liver The liver excretes surplus nitrogen via the urea cycle. The liver thus is the gatekeeper of the
nitrogen balance in animals, its intake and excretion. Kidney Nitrogen can also be excreted as
ammonium. This process is controlled by the kidney and is used to control the blood plasma pH.
The blood plasma pH, however, is determined by other factors as well, such as organic acids (amino
acids) and carbonic acid (CO2 levels). Ammonium metabolism in kidney functions to depose H+ in
urine. In a first reaction, kidney enzymes deaminate glutamine catalyzed as simple hydrolysis and is
not reversible.
Question:
During which process do amino acids lose their amine or nitrogen group and where does it happen?
Answer:
- Transamination or Oxidative Deamination - TA occurs when the amino group from one AA is
transferred --> forming a new AA - ODA occurs when an amino group is removed--> converted to
ammonia and urea in the liver --> removed via kidneys and sweat glands. Occurs primarily on
glutamic acid because glutamic acid was the end product of many transamination reactions.
Question:
What are the functions of vitamin C?
Answer:
- collagen synthesis precursor to carnitine --> transport molecule for fatty acids to mitochondria
antioxidant recycles vitamin E back to it's reduced state
Question:
What are the functions of vitamin E?
Answer:
Cissn Studyguide EXAM Comprehensive TEST
2026/2027 Questions and Answers Verified Solutions
Latest Update
Question:
What is protein and what is it used for in the body?
Answer:
- protein is one of the three macronutrients amino acid source of fuel (flex fuel) vital to health
component of DNA, RNA, insulin, hemoglobin, epinephrine, and serotonin enzymes, A/B balance,
transportation, antibodies
Question:
What are skeletal muscle satellite cells? Their function(s)?
Answer:
- Satellite cells of skeletal muscle are quiescent, myogenic stem cells located outside the myofiber
sarcolemma but within its basement membrane. Greater in oxidative muscles. Function: repair
myofiber damage and regenerate necrotic myofibers Fiber damage induces satellite cell activation
by various mitogens also active during fiber-type transformation
Question:
Describe the effects of chronic aerobic exercise on resting and exercise HR, Q (volume of blood),
and SV (stroke volume). What are its effects on cardiac muscle?
Answer:
- resting HR: decreases exercise HR: no change
Question:
Q:?
Answer:
,SV: increased effects on cardiac muscle: increase
Question:
Describe the difference between glycemic load and glycemic index.
Answer:
- Glycemic index is a ranking system that is used to compare the acute glycemic impact of foods.
2-hour glucose response curve is compared with 50g of CHO of reference food Glycemic load is the
product of the glycemic index and the carbohydrate content in a serving, represents both quality and
quantity of CHO.
Question:
Which amino acid is considered to be the most naturally abundant in plasma and skeletal muscle?
Answer:
GLUTAMINE (conditionally essential under certain times) essential for catabolic states of injury
useful in treatment of injuries, trauma, burns and treatment- related side-effects of cancer slightly
ergogenic: increases time to exhaustion during mild hydration stress
Question:
What nutrients improve or support immune system function?
Answer:
- glutamine protein vitamin C zinc echinacea
Question:
What is the thermic effect of fat? Protein? Carbohydrate?
Answer:
Fat: 2-3% (almost negligible) Protein: 25-30% Carbohydrate: 6-8%
Question:
,What is the relationship of anabolic steroid use to plasma lipids?
Answer:
Decrease in HDL lipoproteins at high levels of dosage
Question:
Know the differences between Type I and Type IIa, IIx skeletal muscle fibers.
Answer:
Type I Slow twitch, small MN, High FR, Aerobic, VERY High MCD, High O.C., Low GC,
Triglyceride Fuel source Consume lactic acid help enable long endurance feats like distance running
higher fatigue resistance Type IIa (FAST TWITCH OXIDATIVE) Moderately fast twitch, Medium
MN, fairly high FR, long-term anaerobic, medium power, High MCD, high O.C.,high G.C., CP and
glycogen fuel Produce lactic acid and CP fatigue quickly Type II x (FAST TWITCH
GLYCOLYTIC) Fast twitch, Large MN, intermediate FR, short-term anaerobic, high power,
medium MCD, inter OC, high GC, ATP CP and little glycogen fuel Consume CP fatigue quickly
Question:
What is lactate?
Answer:
- It is the product of fast (anaerobic glycolysis) Decreases pH, energy metabolism, and Exercise
Performance
Question:
What is the rate limiting step (slowest step) of glycolysis?
Answer:
The phosphofructokinase step.
Question:
The process of splitting triglycerides is known as what?
Answer:
, lipolysis
Question:
What organ(s) is/are involved in nitrogen elimination?
Answer:
Liver The liver excretes surplus nitrogen via the urea cycle. The liver thus is the gatekeeper of the
nitrogen balance in animals, its intake and excretion. Kidney Nitrogen can also be excreted as
ammonium. This process is controlled by the kidney and is used to control the blood plasma pH.
The blood plasma pH, however, is determined by other factors as well, such as organic acids (amino
acids) and carbonic acid (CO2 levels). Ammonium metabolism in kidney functions to depose H+ in
urine. In a first reaction, kidney enzymes deaminate glutamine catalyzed as simple hydrolysis and is
not reversible.
Question:
During which process do amino acids lose their amine or nitrogen group and where does it happen?
Answer:
- Transamination or Oxidative Deamination - TA occurs when the amino group from one AA is
transferred --> forming a new AA - ODA occurs when an amino group is removed--> converted to
ammonia and urea in the liver --> removed via kidneys and sweat glands. Occurs primarily on
glutamic acid because glutamic acid was the end product of many transamination reactions.
Question:
What are the functions of vitamin C?
Answer:
- collagen synthesis precursor to carnitine --> transport molecule for fatty acids to mitochondria
antioxidant recycles vitamin E back to it's reduced state
Question:
What are the functions of vitamin E?
Answer:
